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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1000</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RNCFWH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>EWSR1::TFCP2</italic>-rearranged rhabdomyosarcoma of the skull bones: a clinical case and a literature review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title><italic>EWSR1::TFCP2</italic>-перестроенная рабдомиосаркома костей черепа: клинический случай и обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-6572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorov</surname><given-names>Il'ya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоров</surname><given-names>Илья Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., an anatomic pathologist at the Department of Anatomic Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач-патологоанатом патологоанатомического отделения</p></bio><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5354-7067</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharlai</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарлай</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-8622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druy</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Друй</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8580-3499</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panferova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панферова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-8430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abasov</surname><given-names>R. Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абасов</surname><given-names>Р. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-9795</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chechev</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чечев</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7439-4431</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevtsov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевцов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3932-6257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorozhtsov</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ворожцов</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-3233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grachev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0231-1617</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trakhtman</surname><given-names>P. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трахтман</surname><given-names>П. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7732-8184</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilya93sidorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>135</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-18"><day>18</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1000">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1000</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Rhabdomyosarcoma with <italic>EWSR1::TFCP2 </italic>rearrangement is a rare type of tumor with myogenic differentiation, characterized by an aggressive clinical course and difficulties in diagnosis. Our literature review highlights its key features: a predominance of craniofacial localization, an extremely unfavorable prognosis, and frequent aberrant immunophenotypic patterns. Particular attention is paid to the heterogeneity of tumors with myogenic differentiation, which include a wide range of entities with various genetic abnormalities. This calls into question the traditional diagnostic criteria for rhabdomyosarcoma and require their revision, given the lack of standardized therapy and the complexity of differential diagnosis.</p> <p><bold>Clinical case.</bold> Here, we present a clinical case of rhabdomyosarcoma with <italic>EWSR1::TFCP2 </italic>rearrangement in a 12-year-old girl with primary involvement of the skull base. The tumor showed aggressive growth with the involvement of sphenoid and latticed bones and intracranial spread. Histological examination revealed an epithelioid spindle cell tumor invading bone tissue and a myogenic immunophenotype with the expression of pan-cytokeratin. The diagnosis was confirmed by FISH and high-throughput RNA sequencing, which verified the presence of <italic>EWSR1::TFCP2 </italic>chimeric transcript.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The lack of standardized therapy and the difficulty of differential diagnosis underscore the need for further research to improve understanding, classification, and treatment of this type of rhabdomyosarcoma.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Рабдомиосаркома с перестройкой <italic>EWSR1::TFCP2 </italic>представляет собой редкий подтип опухоли с миогенной дифференцировкой, характеризующийся агрессивным клиническим течением и сложностями в диагностике. В обзоре литературы представлены ключевые особенности: преобладание краниофациальной локализации, крайне неблагоприятный прогноз, а также частые аберрантные иммунофенотипические паттерны. Особое внимание уделено гетерогенности опухолей с миогенной дифференцировкой, которые охватывают широкий спектр нозологий с различными генетическими аномалиями. Это ставит под вопрос традиционные границы рабдомиосаркомы и требует пересмотра диагностических критериев, учитывая отсутствие стандартизированной терапии и сложности дифференциальной диагностики.</p> <p><bold>Клинический случай.</bold> В статье представлен клинический случай рабдомиосаркомы с перестройкой <italic>EWSR1::TFCP2 </italic>у 12-летней девочки с первичным поражением основания черепа. Опухоль характеризовалась агрессивным ростом, деструкцией клиновидной и решетчатой костей, а также интракраниальным распространением. Гистологическое исследование выявило эпителиоидно-веретеноклеточную опухоль с инвазией в костную ткань и миогенным иммунофенотипом с экспрессией панцитокератина. Диагноз был подтвержден методами флуоресцентной <italic>in situ </italic>гибридизации и высокопроизводительного секвенирования РНК, которые верифицировали химерный транскрипт <italic>EWSR1::TFCP2</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Отсутствие стандартизированной терапии и сложности дифференциальной диагностики подчеркивают необходимость дальнейших исследований для улучшения понимания, классификации и лечения данного подтипа рабдомиосаркомы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>EWSR1</kwd><kwd>FUS</kwd><kwd>TFCP2</kwd><kwd>rhabdomyosarcoma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>EWSR1</kwd><kwd>FUS</kwd><kwd>TFCP2</kwd><kwd>рабдомиосаркома</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Soft tissue and bone tumours. 5th ed. Vol. 3. 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