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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1010</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1010</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LLSMWN</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Learning curve for laparoscopic liver resections in children: a risk-adjusted cumulative summation analysis. Single-center experience</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ кривой обучения лапароскопическим резекциям печени различного уровня сложности у детей. Опыт одного Центра</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-209X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhaladze</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахаладзе</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>angelsher99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-1436</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tverdov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Твердов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>angelsher99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-2908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shershneva</surname><given-names>Angelina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шершнева</surname><given-names>Ангелина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>pediatric surgeon, pediatric oncologist, a postgraduate student </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-детский хирург, детский онколог, аспирант </p></bio><email>angelsher99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2410-1223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левин</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>angelsher99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-3233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grachev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>angelsher99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-03"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1010">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1010</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective</bold> – to evaluate the learning curve of laparoscopic liver resections in children using the risk-associated cumulative summary analysis (RA-CUSUM) method with one surgeon experience in performing these open operations in adults and children.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A database consisting of 52 patients that were operated in 2018-2024 on the basis of one center was analyzed. Due to the rarity of liver tumors between children, the study included patients with liver diseases of various etiologies – benign and malignant neoplasms, metastatic lesions. The learning curves were analyzed using approximation methods, exponential function of the ratio of surgery time to the experience gained by the surgeon, and the method of RA-CUSUM. To calculate the risk of surgical intervention we’ve used a difficulty scoring system, that was developed and published by a team of authors. The time of the operation was compared, and the criteria for failure were pathological bleeding that led to the conversion.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Evaluating the results relative to the time of surgical interventions, it was found that the maximum value of the approximating function is achieved at approximately 21 operations performed, the proportion of observations (coefficient of determination) explained by this model is R<sup>2</sup> = 90%. According to the results of the exponential function construction, the regression coefficient shows that with each new operation, its time decreases by an average of 1.39%, and after 10 operations by an average of 13.04%. The graph constructed by the method of RA-CUSUM gave a stable decline, starting with the 24<sup>th</sup> operation performed.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> As the number of laparoscopic liver resections increases, the time of surgery and the frequency of pathological bleeding that leads to conversion significantly decrease. A surgeon with experience in open liver resections will need about 20–25 operations to learn how to perform laparoscopic liver resections in children. A difficulty scoring system, that was developed in our center for predicting and assessing preoperative risk, has proved its effectiveness.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – проанализировать кривые обучения лапароскопическим резекциям печени у детей на основании ретроспективного анализа опыта одного Центра.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проанализирована база данных, состоящая из 52 пациентов, прооперированных в 2018–2024 гг. в НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева. Ввиду редкости встречаемой патологии в детском возрасте в исследование включены пациенты с заболеваниями печени различной этиологии – доброкачественные и злокачественные новообразования, метастатическое поражение. Анализ кривых обучения осуществлялся методами аппроксимации кубическими сплайнами отклонения от среднего времени операции и построением линейной модели логарифма времени операции от опыта, который набирает хирург, а также методом кумулятивных сумм RA-CUSUM. Для подсчета риска проведения оперативного вмешательства использовали шкалу сложности, разработанную и внедренную в НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева. Проведено сравнение времени операции, критериями неудачи стали конверсии, выполненные вследствие развития кровотечения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> При оценке результатов относительно времени проведения оперативных вмешательств установлено, что максимальное значение аппроксимирующей функции достигается примерно на 21-й проведенной операции, доля объясненной дисперсии отклонения времени от среднего составило: <italic>R</italic>² = 90%. По результатам построения экспоненциальной функции коэффициент регрессии при опыте показывает, что в среднем с каждой новой операцией ее время уменьшается на 1,39%, а через 10 операций – на 13,04%. Построенный график методом кумулятивных сумм RA-CUSUM имел тенденцию к спаду после 10-й операции и дал стабильный спад, начиная с 24-й проведенной операции.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> По мере увеличения количества проведенных лапароскопических резекций печени статистически значимо снижается время оперативного вмешательства. Необходимый объем операций для освоения минимально инвазивных резекций печени у детей – 20–25 вмешательств. Учитывая ретроспективный характер исследования, незначительную выборку, для получения более точных результатов необходимо проведение проспективных мультицентровых исследований с повторной оценкой результатов для отобранных групп патологий печени у детей, требующих хирургического вмешательства.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>learning curves</kwd><kwd>RA-CUSUM</kwd><kwd>liver resection</kwd><kwd>laparoscopic surgery</kwd><kwd>hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кривые обучения</kwd><kwd>RA-CUSUM</kwd><kwd>резекция печени</kwd><kwd>лапароскопическая хирургия</kwd><kwd>гепатопанкреатобилиарная хирургия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kokudo N., Takemura N., Ito K., Mihara F. The history of liver surgery: Achievements over the past 50 years. 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