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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1012</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2025-24-2-27-37</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CXKFLR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Experience in developing and scaling a protocol for NK lymphocyte enriched cellular product manufacturing for clinical application</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опыт разработки и масштабирования протокола производства клеточного продукта, обогащенного НК-лимфоцитами, для клинического применения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9639-2779</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulakovskaya</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулаковская</surname><given-names>Елена Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alenakulakovskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7491-6906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belchikov</surname><given-names>Vladislav E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельчиков</surname><given-names>Владислав Егорович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vladbelchikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7247-4844</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7313-8498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vedmedskaia</surname><given-names>Victoria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ведмедская</surname><given-names>Виктория Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>viktoria.zubachenko@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6553-2505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeeva</surname><given-names>Mariia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеева</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mailgram@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-0706</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malakhova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малахова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mallahovka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-9472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Musaeva</surname><given-names>Elvira Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусаева</surname><given-names>Эльвира Яшаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>e.m.69777@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-0014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lodoeva</surname><given-names>Oyuna B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лодоева</surname><given-names>Оюна Баясхаловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lodoeva.oyuna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2128-0078</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4344-7169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Larin</surname><given-names>Sergey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларин</surname><given-names>Сергей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>sergei_larin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0194-4200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1994-9170</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukashina</surname><given-names>Marina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукашина</surname><given-names>Марина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mlukashina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-8065</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3623-0919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kibardin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кибардин</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alexey.kibardin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0539-6393</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mollaev</surname><given-names>Murad D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моллаев</surname><given-names>Мурад Довлетович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>murad.mollaev@fccho-moscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-8299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muzalevsky</surname><given-names>Yakov O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Музалевский</surname><given-names>Яков Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Yakov.Muzalevsky@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0497-9175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazachenok</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаченок</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alexeykazachenok@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3801-0931</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melkova</surname><given-names>Anastasia K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мелькова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.melkova@fccho-moscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4705-401X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavidnyi</surname><given-names>Timofei Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завидный</surname><given-names>Тимофей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>no-reply@eco-vector.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0231-1617</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trakhtman</surname><given-names>Pavel E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трахтман</surname><given-names>Павел Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>trakhtman@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0520-5630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shelihova</surname><given-names>Larisa N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шелихова</surname><given-names>Лариса Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lshelihova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6148-7209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pershin</surname><given-names>Dmitry E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Першин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dimprsh@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-0093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maschan</surname><given-names>Michael A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масчан</surname><given-names>Михаил Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>Michael.Maschan@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1012">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1012</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>for NK lymphocyte-enriched biomedical cell product is a pressing issue in clinical biotechnology. Based on numerous scientific and clinical studies, we have settled on the NK lymphocyte expansion protocol with a modified feeder line K562 and peripheralblood mononuclear cells as a starting fraction, not including CD3+ lymphocyte depletion step. In this paper, we present the results of a validation process of NK lymphocyte-enriched biomedical cell product manufacturing. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. The resulting cell productsmet all stated quality control criteria, contained a high percentage of NK cells, and demonstrated strong cytotoxic activity against the THP-1 and Jeko-I cell lines. Expansion folds allowed us to achieve the desired clinical dosage in all processes. Thesurface marker expression profile of the expanded NK cells corresponded to an activated and highly proliferative phenotype. The residual lymphocytes were represented mainly by T cells with an effector phenotype, and a significant decrease in TCRab percentage was observed compared to the initial fraction. These data provide the basis for a clinical study of the feasibility and safety of the infusions of the cellular products produced according to this protocol for pediatric refractory leukemia treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Применение НК-клеток является перспективным направлением клеточной терапии при гемобластозах. Разработка протокола экспансии обогащенного НК-лимфоцитами биомедицинского клеточного продукта – актуальная задача клинической биотехнологии. На основе массива научных и клинических исследований нами был выбран протокол экспансии НК-лимфоцитов сиспользованием модифицированной фидерной линии K562 и стартовой фракции мононуклеаров периферической крови, не включающий этап деплеции CD3+-лимфоцитов. В данной работе представлены результаты валидационных процессов производства обогащенного НК-лимфоцитами биомедицинского клеточного продукта. Исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетоми утверждено решением ученого совета НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева. Полученные клеточные продукты удовлетворяли всем заявленным критериям контроля качества, имели высокий процент содержания НК-лимфоцитов и демонстрировали выраженную цитотоксическую активность вотношении клеточных линий THP-1 и Jeko-1. Показатели кратности экспансии позволили достичь целевой клинической дозы во всех процессах. Уровень экспрессии поверхностных маркеров НК-клеток после экспансии соответствовал активированному и высокопролиферативному фенотипу. Остаточные лимфоциты были представлены в основном T-клетками с эффекторным фенотипом и достоверным снижением процентного содержания TCRab относительно стартовой фракции. Полученные данные дают основание для проведения клинического исследования выполнимости и безопасности применения инфузий клеточного продукта, произведенного согласно данномупротоколу, в терапии рефрактерного лейкоза у детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute refractory leukemia</kwd><kwd>NK cells</kwd><kwd>hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>feeder cell line</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый рефрактерный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>НК-клетки</kwd><kwd>трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>фидерная линия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rumyantsev A.G. Prospects of targeted therapy for pediatric acute leukemia. Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology 2017; 2: 62-74. 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