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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1015</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2025-24-2-55-61</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IAQLOL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using melphalan-based conditioning in children with acquired aplastic anemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Результаты трансплантаций гемопоэтических стволовых клеток у детей с приобретенной апластической анемией с использованием мелфалансодержащих режимов кондиционирования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-1444</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skorobogatova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скоробогатова</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>skorobog.e@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-4045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Machneva</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мачнева</surname><given-names>Елена Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>lena.machneva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7531-6443</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Olkhova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ольхова</surname><given-names>Людмила Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>burya.a.e@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7034-1730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolayeva</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Юлия Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gussajulia1982@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-2647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antoshin</surname><given-names>Mikhail M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антошин</surname><given-names>Михаил Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>no-reply@eco-vector.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital of the N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская детская клиническая больница – филиал ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1015">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1015</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the high effectiveness of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children with acquired aplastic anemia (AAA), the procedure can still result in such major issues as graft failure and rejection. Risk factors for graft rejection and poor function as well as the persistence of mixed chimerism include allosensitization, insufficient number of transplanted cells and relatively preserved native myelopoiesis. Long-term engraftment can be achieved by modifying conditioning and immunosuppressive therapy. One such promising approach is the inclusion of melphalan in a conditioning regimen. In our study, we retrospectively analyzed outcomes of HSCT with melphalan-based conditioning carried out in 21 children with AAA (for 18 patients, it was their first HSCT, while 3 had a repeat HSCT): out of these, 11 patients received transplants from matched unrelated donors, 9 received transplants from matched related donors and 1 - from a haploidentical donor. Nine children received calcineurin inhibitor-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis while 12 children received Janus kinase inhibitors. A good graft function was achieved in all the children, without any severe complications. As per the latest findings, 95% of the patients achieved full total donor cell chimerism, 85.7% of the patients had full donor chimerism in the CD3+ cell lineage, while 14.3% had mixed CD3+ cell chimerism with 9-13% of own cells. The inclusion of melphalan in a conditioning regimen in patients with AAA before HSCT in combination with new less toxic graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis regimens may be an effective strategy to overcome the risk of graft rejection and ensure a low toxicity profile and low incidence of complications. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на высокую эффективность трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ТГСК) у детей с приобретенной апластической анемией (ПАА), недостаточность и отторжение трансплантата остаются одной из основных проблем. Факторами риска отторжения и гипофункции трансплантата, персистенции смешанного химеризма являются аллосенсибилизация, недостаточные количественные характеристики трансплантата, относительно сохранный собственный миелопоэз. Обеспечения долгосрочного приживления трансплантата возможно достичь путем модификации режима кондиционирования и иммуносупрессивной профилактики. Одной из перспективных опций является включение мелфалана в схему кондиционирования. Проведен ретроспективный анализ результатов ТГСК с использованием мелфалансодержащих режимов кондиционирования у 21 ребенка с ПАА (18 первичных, 3 повторных ТГСК): 11 от полностью совместимых неродственных доноров, 9 совместимых родственных, 1 гаплоидентичного. Основанный на ингибиторах кальциневрина режим профилактики реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» получили 9 детей, на ингибиторах янус-киназ - 12. Удовлетворительная функция трансплантата достигнута у всех детей при отсутствии тяжелых осложнений. По данным итоговых результатов у 95% пациентов определен общий полный донорский химеризм, по CD3<sup>+</sup>-линии 85,7% с долей собственных клеток (СК) 9-13%. Включение мелфалана в режим кондиционирования у пациентов с ПАА перед ТГСК в сочетании с новыми менее токсичными схемами профилактики реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» может стать эффективной опцией преодоления риска отторжения трансплантата при низком уровне токсичности и частоты развития осложнений. Исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетом и утверждено решением ученого совета ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>melphalan</kwd><kwd>graft rejection</kwd><kwd>acquired aplastic anemia</kwd><kwd>mixed chimerism</kwd><kwd>hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>Janus kinase inhibitors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>мелфалан</kwd><kwd>отторжение трансплантата</kwd><kwd>приобретенная апластическая анемия</kwd><kwd>смешанный химеризм</kwd><kwd>трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы янус-киназ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sureda A., Corbacioglu S., Greco R., Kroger N., Carreras E., eds. 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