<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GQGPSL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Emapalumab in children with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опыт применения эмапалумаба у детей с первичным гемофагоцитарным лимфогистиоцитозом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9857-4456</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodina</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родина</surname><given-names>Юлия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., Head of the Department of Immunology </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, заведующая отделением иммунологии </p></bio><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1267-9957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burlakov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурлаков</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0079-7761</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Brilliantova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бриллиантова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5132-1267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Roppelt</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Роппельт</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-6496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kan</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кан</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1258-8281</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>U. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>У. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7634-2053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Raykina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Райкина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6148-7209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pershin</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Першин</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-0569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balashov</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балашов</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0016-6698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maschan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масчан</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-0553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novichkova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новичкова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-3233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grachev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3113-4939</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>r.j.doctor77@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-01-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-28"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1031">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1031</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH) is a group of genetically determined diseases characterized by severe and lightning-fast systemic inflammation, cytopenia, and multi-organ damage with high mortality. The HLH-2004 protocol using high doses of dexamethasone and etoposide is widely used for the treatment of pHLH but it does not always lead to remission of the disease necessary for the next stage of treatment: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> to retrospectively analyze the experience of emapalumab treatment in patients with pHLH.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of emapalumab in children with pHLH (<italic>n</italic> = 7) who had been treated at the Center from November 2019 to September 2024. The criterion for inclusion in the study was the diagnosis of pHLH established based on the criteria of the International Society for the Treatment of Histiocytic Disorders (The Histiocyte Society). The severity of the disease was assessed using an adapted H-score with the exclusion of signs of bone marrow hemophagocytosis.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> We report the use of the interferon gamma inhibitor emapalumab in seven patients aged 6 to 39 months who had previously been treated according to the HLH-2004 protocol in combination with other immunosuppressants. Three patients received emapalumab at an average initial dose of 1.7 mg/kg and achieved remission at a median of 28 days. The other four patients received emapalumab at an average initial dose of 7.2 mg/kg, with the median time to remission of 14 days (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0015). A faster and longer-term remission was observed in the patients treated with higher doses of emapalumab.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> In this study, we demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of emapalumab treatment in children with refractory pHLH.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Первичный гемофагоцитарный лимфогистиоцитоз (пГЛГ) – это группа генетически обусловленных заболеваний, характеризующихся тяжелым и молниеносным системным воспалением, цитопенией, мультиорганным поражением с высокой летальностью. Для лечения пГЛГ широко используется протокол HLH-2004 с применением высоких доз дексаметазона и этопозида, однако это не всегда приводит к ремиссии заболевания, необходимой для следующего этапа лечения – трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования:</bold> ретроспективно проанализировать опыт лечения пациентов с пГЛГ препаратом эмапалумаб.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Выполнено ретроспективное исследование по оценке эффективности и безопасности применения эмапалумаба у детей с пГЛГ (<italic>n</italic> = 7) в период с ноября 2019 г. по сентябрь 2024 г. Условием включения в исследование был диагноз пГЛГ в соответствии с критериями Международного общества по лечению гистиоцитозов (The Histiocyte Society). Тяжесть заболевания оценивалась с помощью адаптированной шкалы H-score с исключением признаков гемофагоцитоза в костном мозге.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Препарат ингибитора интерферона-g эмапалумаба применялся у 7 пациентов в возрасте от 6 до 39 месяцев, ранее получавших лечение по протоколу HLH-2004 в комбинации с другими иммуносупрессантами. Три пациента получали эмапалумаб в средней начальной дозе 1,7 мг/кг, ремиссии они достигли в среднем на 28-й день. Четыре пациента получали эмапалумаб в средней начальной дозе 7,2 мг/кг и достигли ремиссии в среднем на 14-й день (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0015). Достижение более быстрой и долгосрочной ремиссии демонстрируется в группе более высоких доз эмапалумаба.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Таким образом, полученные нами результаты демонстрируют безопасность и эффективность применения эмапалумаба в лечении рефрактерных форм пГЛГ у детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</kwd><kwd>interferon gamma</kwd><kwd>CXCL9</kwd><kwd>emapalumab</kwd><kwd>hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>первичный гемофагоцитарный лимфогистиоцитоз</kwd><kwd>интерферон-γ</kwd><kwd>CXCL9</kwd><kwd>эмапалумаб</kwd><kwd>трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Canna S.W., Marsh R.A. Pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2020;135(16):1332–43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ehl S., Astigarraga I., von Bahr Greenwood T., Hines M., Horne A., Ishii E. et al. Recommendations for the use of etoposide-based therapy and bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of HLH: consensus statements by the HLH Steering Committee of the Histiocyte Society. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018;6(5):1508–17.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Allen C.E., Marsh R., Dawson P., Bollard C.M., Shenoy S., Roehrs P. et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning for hematopoietic cell transplant for HLH and primary immune deficiencies. Blood 2018;132(13):1438–51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Henter J.I., Horne A., Aricó M., Egeler R.M., Filipovich A.H., Imashuku S. et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48(2):124–31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Mahlaoui N., Ouachée-Chardin M., de Saint Basile G., Neven B., Picard C., Blanche S., Fischer A. Immunotherapy of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with antithymocyte globulins: a single-center retrospective report of 38 patients. Pediatrics 2007;120(3):e622–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Dufranc E., Del Bello A., Belliere J., Kamar N., Faguer S.; TAIDI (Toulouse Acquired Immune Deficiency and Infection) study group. IL6-R blocking with tocilizumab in critically ill patients with hemophagocytic syndrome. Crit Care 2020;24(1): 166.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Charlesworth J.E.G., Kavirayani A. Intravenous anakinra for the treatment of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome: a systematic review. Eur J Haematol 2023;111(3):458–76.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Keenan C., Nichols K.E., Albeituni S. Use of the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib in the treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2021;12:614704.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>De Benedetti F., Prencipe G., Bracaglia C., Marasco E., Grom A.A. Targeting interferon-γ in hyperinflammation: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021;17(11):678–91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Locatelli F., Jordan M.B., Allen C., Cesaro S., Rizzari C., Rao A. et al. Emapalumab in children with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. N Engl J Med 2020;382(19):1811–22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Vallurupalli M., Berliner N. Emapalumab for the treatment of relapsed/refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2019;134(21):1783–6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>AlAhmari A., Khogeer H. Successful use of emapalumab in refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a child with Chédiak–Higashi syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023;17(1):113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Chandrakasan S., Jordan M.B., Baker A., Behrens E.M., Bhatla D., Chien M. et al. Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis treated with emapalumab. Blood Adv 2024;8(9):2248–58.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Henter J.I., von Bahr Greenwood T., Bergsten E. Emapalumab in primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. N Engl J Med 2020;383(6): 596–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Debaugnies F., Mahadeb B., Ferster A., Meuleman N., Rozen L., Demulder A., Corazza F. Performances of the H-score for diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adult and pediatric patients. Am J Clin Pathol 2016;145(6): 862–70.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lin H., Scull B.P., Goldberg B.R., Abhyankar H.A., Eckstein O.E., Zinn D.J. et al. IFN-γ signature in the plasma proteome distinguishes pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis from sepsis and SIRS. Blood Adv 2021;5(17):3457–67.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>FDA approves first treatment specifically for patients with rare and life-threatening type of immune disease. For Immediate Release: November 20, 2018. [Electronic resource] URL: https:// www.fda.gov/news-events/ press-announcements/fda-ap proves-first-treatment-specifically-patients-rare-and-life-threatening-type-immune-disease.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Triebwasser M.P., Barrett D.M., Bassiri H., Bunin N., Elgarten C., Freedman J. et al. Combined use of emapalumab and ruxolitinib in a patient with refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was safe and effective. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021;68(7):e29026.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Merli P., Caruana I., De Vito R., Strocchio L., Weber G., Bufalo F.D. et al. Role of interferon-γ in immune-mediated graft failure after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2019;104(11):2314–23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Verkamp B., Jodele S., Sabulski A., Marsh R., Kieser P., Jordan M.B. Emapalumab therapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis before reduced-intensity transplantation improves chimerism. Blood 2024;144(25):2625–36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Chellapandian D., Milojevic D. Case report: emapalumab for active disease control prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis complicated by macrophage activation syndrome. Front Pediatr 2023;11:1123104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>De Benedetti F., Grom A.A., Brogan P.A., Bracaglia C., Pardeo M., Marucci G. et al. Efficacy and safety of emapalumab in macrophage activation syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2023;82(6):857–65.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
