Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and ImmunopathologyPediatric Hematology/Oncology and ImmunopathologyВопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии1726-17082414-9314Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children108010.24287/j.1080ORIGINAL ARTICLESОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИResearch ArticleFrom quiescence to programmed cell death: the problem of the hierarchy of cellular responses for different cell typesОт покоя до программируемой гибели: проблема иерархии клеточных ответов для разных типов клетокhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-1947-7139IvanovskayaE. V.ИвановскаяЕ. В.
Russian Federation
nikita.nikitin@dgoi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-6694-5945TimchenkoR. M.ТимченкоР. М.
Russian Federation
nikita.nikitin@dgoi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-4799-5565NikitinN. S.НикитинН. С.
Russian Federation
nikita.nikitin@dgoi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-7319SveshnikovaA. N.СвешниковаА. Н.
Russian Federation
nikita.nikitin@dgoi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8128-7757PanteleevM. A.ПантелеевМ. А.
Russian Federation
nikita.nikitin@dgoi.ruCenter for Theoretical Problems of Physical and Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of SciencesФГБУН Центр теоретических проблем физико-химической фармакологии Российской академии наукThe D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of RussiaФГБОУ ВО «Российский химико-технологический университет им. Д.И. Менделеева»Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University)ФГАОУ ВО «Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)»The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава РоссииThe M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»140420262511311380202202611022026Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России2026«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава Россииhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1080

Human cells are capable of switching between several modes of functioning: active proliferation, quiescence (autophagy), senescence, apoptosis, and others. This switching plays numerous roles in morphogenesis and development, the body's adaptation to adverse conditions and response to injuries and diseases. Disregulation of cellular switching underlies many hematological, oncological, and immunological diseases. However, for different cell types, the physiological meaning (as well as the mechanism and cellular phenotype) of many modes, such as apoptosis and aging, can be totally different. This review attempts to shed light on this issue: first, we will examine the classical hierarchy of cellular switching, which has been developed for long-lived, proliferating somatic cells, and then compare it with what is known for mobile, not necessarily somatic, cells. The existing data indicate that long-lived, fully functional cells (including stem and immune cells) have similar mechanisms, while short-lived, terminally differentiated blood cells (platelets, neutrophils, erythrocytes) are radically different. Even if they have a caspase-dependent cell death pathway, it cannot be considered analogous to apoptosis in fully functional cells.

Клетки организма человека способны переключаться между несколькими режимами функционирования: активная пролиферация, покой (аутофагия), старение (сенесценция), апоптоз и др. Это переключение играет многочисленные роли в морфогенезе и развитии, адаптации организма к неблагоприятным условиям, реакции на травмы и заболевания. Нарушения в управлении клеточным переключением лежат в основе многочисленных гематологических, онкологических и иммунологических заболеваний. Однако для клеток разных типов физиологический смысл (а также механизм и клеточный фенотип) многих режимов, например апоптоза и старения, может быть кардинально разным. В данном обзоре предпринята попытка внести ясность в эту проблему: мы рассмотрим классическую иерархию клеточных переключений, которая проработана для долгоживущих и способных к пролиферации соматических клеток, и далее сопоставим с тем, что известно для мобильных, необязательно соматических клеток. Существующие данные указывают на то, что долгоживущие полноценные клетки (включая стволовые и иммунные) имеют те же режимы. Короткоживующие терминальные клетки крови (тромбоциты, нейтрофилы, эритроциты) отличаются радикально. Даже если у них технически есть каспазозависимый путь клеточной смерти, его нельзя считать аналогичным апоптозу полноценных клеток.

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