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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1085</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1085</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ACBRBF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of second-look biopsy in children with lymphoma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль повторной биопсии у детей с лимфомами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4072-601X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Андрей Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., a senior researcher at the R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Associate Professor at the Department of Hematology, Transfusion and Transplantation at the I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник НИИ ДОГиТ им. Р.М. Горбачевой, доцент кафедры гематологии, трансфузиологии и трансплантологии ФГБОУ ВО ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова Минздрава России</p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3818-6213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazantsev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казанцев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-9182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishchenko</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грищенко</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2296-0358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolkunova</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толкунова</surname><given-names>П. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8589-4618</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаев</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-3647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galimov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галимов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-6069</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-8257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalipskaya</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халипская</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8551-1429</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poroshenko</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Порошенко</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7173-7673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shvetsov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Швецов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4275-3911</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusak</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусак</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-5091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baykov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-485X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2913-047X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-4136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulagin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулагин</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-7703</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubarovskaya</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубаровская</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-05"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1085">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1085</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective.</bold> Second look biopsy is the standard for confirming relapsed and refractory (R-R) lymphoma in children. However, in real-world clinical practice, R-R lymphomas sometimes may be diagnosed without second-look biopsy, relying solely on imaging data. This study is the first to comparatively analyze both approaches in children.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A total of 198 pediatric patients with lymphoma were included in the study. Of these, 181 children were diagnosed with R-R lymphoma after second-look biopsy (<italic>n</italic> = 111) or based solely on imaging (no second-look biopsy) (<italic>n</italic> = 70), in 17 patients with suspected R-R lymphoma, relapse was excluded after second-look biopsy. We assessed the sensitivity and negative predictive value of second-look biopsy. And compared the incidence of subsequent relapse and survival in patients with R-R lymphoma according to availability of second-look biopsy.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The sensitivity of second-look biopsy for confirming R-R lymphoma was 96.5%, and the negative predictive value was 76.5%. The cumulative incidence of relapse was 78.6% in children with R-R B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that was previously confirmed by second-look biopsy, compared with 28.7% in patients with R-R B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma confirmed only by imaging (without second-look biopsy) (<italic>p </italic>= 0.003).</p> <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> Thus, these results indicate the need for second-look biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of R-R lymphoma in children, as otherwise there is a risk of overdiagnosis. However, given the suboptimal negative predictive value of second-look biopsy (76.5%), a diagnosis of relapse or primary refractoriness of lymphoma may be made in some patients based on clinical presentation and imaging data.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Повторная биопсия является стандартом для подтверждения рецидивирующих и рефрактерных (Р-Р) лимфом у детей. Тем не менее в реальной клинической практике Р-Р течение лимфом устанавливают в том числе без проведения повторной биопсии, только на основании данных методов визуализации. В представленной работе впервые проведен сравнительный анализ обоих подходов у детей.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Всего в работу включены 198 пациентов детского возраста с лимфомой. При этом у 181 ребенка был установлен диагноз Р-Р лимфомы после проведения повторной биопсии (<italic>n</italic> = 111) или только на основании методов визуализации (без повторной биопсии) (<italic>n</italic> = 70), у 17 пациентов с подозрением на Р-Р течение лимфомы рецидив был исключен после проведения повторной биопсии. Выполнялись оценка чувствительности и отрицательной прогностической ценности повторной биопсии, а также сравнение частоты развития очередного рецидива и выживаемости после проведенной терапии у пациентов c Р-Р лимфомами.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Чувствительность метода повторной биопсии для подтверждения Р-Р лимфомы составила 96,5%, показатель отрицательной прогностической ценности – 76,5%. После проведенного лечения Р-Р В-клеточной неходжкинской лимфомы, подтвержденной повторной биопсией, кумулятивная частота следующего рецидива составила 78,6%, у пациентов с Р-Р В-клеточной неходжкинской лимфомой, подтвержденной только по результатам визуализации (без повторной биопсии), – 28,7% (<italic>p</italic> = 0,003).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Таким образом, полученные результаты указывают на необходимость проведения повторной биопсии для подтверждения диагноза Р-Р лимфомы у детей, так как в противном случае существуют риски гипердиагностики. Тем не менее с учетом субоптимального уровня отрицательной прогностической ценности повторной биопсии (76,5%) у части пациентов возможна постановка диагноза Р-Р лимфомы на основании клинической картины и данных методов визуализации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>relapse</kwd><kwd>refractoriness</kwd><kwd>lymphoma</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>second-look biopsy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рецидив</kwd><kwd>рефрактерность</kwd><kwd>лимфома</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>повторная биопсия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Guja K.E., Nadel H., Iagaru A. Overview and recent advances in 18F-FDG PET/CT for evaluation of pediatric lymphoma. Seminn Nucl Med 2023;53(3):400–12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Qiu L., Chen Y., Wu J. 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