<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1091</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1091</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Differential diagnosis of hereditary hemolytic anemias caused by glycolytic enzyme deficiencies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Дифференциальная диагностика наследственных гемолитических анемий, вызванных дефицитами ферментов гликолиза</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6738-9558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgih</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгих</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Technician at the Biophysics Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории биофизики</p></bio><email>andrei4rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8803-5694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koleva</surname><given-names>L. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колева</surname><given-names>Л. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrei4rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-7702</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prudinnik</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прудинник</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrei4rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3403-181X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ataullakhanov</surname><given-names>F. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атауллаханов</surname><given-names>Ф. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrei4rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-5196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapranova (Mann)</surname><given-names>S. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капранова (Манн)</surname><given-names>С. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrei4rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2756-7325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smetanina</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сметанина</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrei4rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5948-3444</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinauridze</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синауридзе</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrei4rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Theoretical Problems of Physical and Chemical Pharmacology, the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Центр теоретических проблем физико-химической фармакологии» РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1091">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1091</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Establishing the cause of hereditary hemolytic anemia (HHA) is necessary not only for an accurate diagnosis but also for choosing a treatment strategy. Deficiencies of red blood cell glycolytic enzymes, primarily pyruvate kinase (PK), but also less common deficiencies of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and hexokinase (HK), are among the causes of HHA. According to international standards, confirmation of a deficiency of a glycolytic enzyme is the presence of mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme and direct measurement of its decreased activity in red blood cells. However, genetic testing is currently not always available in Russia, and results are typically delayed. Regarding the determination of the activity of these enzymes, testing for their activity has not yet been introduced into clinical practice in Russia.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> this study focuses on the development of methods for analyzing the activity of glycolytic enzymes (PK, GPI, and HK). Their implementation in clinical practice will help improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis of HHA caused by enzymopathies.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Blood from healthy donors and patients with HHA of various etiologies was analyzed. Activity results were expressed as international units per gram of hemoglobin (IU/g Hb). PK, GPI, and HK activities were measured in erythrocyte hemolysates by spectrophotometric methods using coupled biochemical reactions resulting in a change in the optical density of the reaction sample at a wavelength of 340 nm.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Methods for analyzing the enzymatic activity of PK, GPI, and HK in erythrocytes were developed, taking into account all conditions affecting the accuracy of the analysis. The activities of these enzymes were measured in red blood cells of the patients with different hemolytic anemias and donors: PK – <italic>n</italic> = 452 and <italic>n</italic> = 95, HK –<italic> n</italic> = 113 and <italic>n</italic> = 53, and GPI –<italic> n</italic> = 7 and <italic>n</italic> = 30, respectively. The reference intervals of normal values of these activities in erythrocytes were calculated (medians and regions including 2.5% to 97.5% of all the measured values): PK – 10.85 (8.41; 16.42) IU/g Hb (<italic>n </italic>= 95), HK – 0.90 (0.68; 1.11) IU/g Hb (<italic>n </italic>= 53), GPI – 44.22 (34.31; 62.35) IU/g Hb (<italic>n </italic>= 30). It was shown that the activity of these enzymes in the erythrocytes of the patients with a genetically proven defect in the structure of these enzymes and no recent donor red blood cell transfusions was reduced.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The developed biochemical methods for measuring the activity of glycolytic enzymes (PK, GPI, and HK) are highly sensitive and specific. Their use significantly facilitates the differential diagnosis of HHA caused by glycolytic enzyme deficiencies, bringing this diagnostic approach into line with international standards.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Установление причины наследственной гемолитической анемии (НГА) необходимо не только для определения точного диагноза, но и для выбора стратегии терапии. Одной из причин НГА являются дефициты эритроцитарных ферментов гликолиза, в первую очередь пируваткиназы (ПК), а также реже встречающихся глюкозофосфатизомеразы (ГФИ) и гексокиназы (ГК). По мировым стандартам подтверждением существования дефицита какого-либо фермента гликолиза является наличие мутаций в гене, кодирующем данный фермент, и непосредственное определение снижения его активности в эритроцитах. Однако в настоящее время генетический анализ в России не всегда доступен, и его результаты приходится ждать достаточно долго. Что касается определения активности данных ферментов, то такой анализ в России в клиническую практику пока не внедрен.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> – разработка методов анализа активности ферментов гликолиза ПК, ГФИ и ГК, внедрение которых в клиническую практику поможет повысить точность дифференциальной диагностики НГА, вызванных ферментопатиями.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В работе была исследована кровь здоровых доноров, а также пациентов с НГА различной этиологии. Результаты измерения активности были выражены в Международных единицах на грамм гемоглобина (МЕ/г Hb). Активности ПК, ГФИ и ГК были измерены в гемолизатах эритроцитов спектрофотометрическими методами с помощью сопряженных биохимических реакций, приводящих к изменению оптической плотности реакционной пробы на длине волны 340 нм.</p> <p><bold>Результаты и обсуждение. </bold>Разработаны методы анализа ферментативной активности ПК, ГФИ и ГК в эритроцитах с учетом всех условий, влияющих на правильность проводимого анализа. Измерены активности этих ферментов в эритроцитах пациентов с различными гемолитическими анемиями и доноров: ПК –<italic> n</italic> = 452 и <italic>n</italic> = 95, ГК – <italic>n</italic> = 113 и <italic>n</italic> = 53 и ГФИ – <italic>n</italic> = 7 и <italic>n</italic> = 30 соответственно. Рассчитаны референсные интервалы нормальных значений этих активностей в эритроцитах (медианы и области, включающие от 2,5 до 97,5% всех измеренных значений): ПК – 10,85 (8,41; 16,42) МЕ/г Hb (<italic>n</italic> = 95); ГК – 0,90 (0,68; 1,11) ME/г Hb (<italic>n</italic> = 53); ГФИ – 44,22 (34,31; 62,35) ME/г Hb (<italic>n</italic> = 30). Показано, что значения активности этих ферментов в эритроцитах пациентов с генетически доказанным нарушением в структуре каждого из этих ферментов и отсутствием недавних трансфузий донорских эритроцитов снижены.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Разработанные биохимические методы измерения активности гликолитических ферментов (ПК, ГФИ и ГК) высокочувствительны и специфичны. Их использование значительно облегчает дифференциальную диагностику НГА, вызванных дефицитами ферментов гликолиза, и делает ее соответствующей мировым стандартам.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>red blood cell</kwd><kwd>hereditary hemolytic anemia</kwd><kwd>enzymopathy</kwd><kwd>activity determination</kwd><kwd>pyruvate kinase</kwd><kwd>glucose phosphate isomerase</kwd><kwd>hexokinase</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эритроцит</kwd><kwd>наследственная гемолитическая анемия</kwd><kwd>ферментопатия</kwd><kwd>определение активности</kwd><kwd>пируваткиназа</kwd><kwd>глюкозофосфатизомераза</kwd><kwd>гексокиназа</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>125031003410-4</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out as part of the State Assignment of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (registration No. 125031003410-4)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках Государственного задания Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (регистрационный номер 125031003410-4)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Martinov M.V., Plotnikov A.G., Vitvitsky V.M., Ataullakhanov F.I. Deficiencies of glycolytic enzymes as a possible cause of hemolytic anemia. Biochim Biophys Acta – Gen Subj 2000;1474(1):75–87. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00218-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bolton-Maggs P.H., Langer J.C., Iolascon A., Tittensor P. King M.J. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary spherocytosis – 2011 update. Br J Haematol 2012;156(1):37–49. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08921.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Gallagher P. Diagnosis and management of rare congenital nonimmune hemolytic disease. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2015;2015:392–9. DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.392</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Gallagher P. Disorders of erythrocyte hydration. Blood 2017;130(25):2699–708. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-590810</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>King M.-J., Garçon L., Hoyer J.D., Iolascon A., Picard V., Stewart G. et al.; International Council for Standardization in Haematology. ICSH guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of nonimmune hereditary red cell membrane disorders. Int J Lab Hematol 2015;37(3):304–25. DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12335</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Iolascon A., Andolfo I., Barcellini W., Corcione F., Garçon L., De Franceschi L. et al.; Working Study Group on Red Cells and Iron of the EHA. Recommendations regarding splenectomy in hereditary hemolytic anemias. Haematologica 2017;102(8):1304–13. DOI:10.3324/haematol.2016. 161166</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Suvatte V., Tanphaichitr V.S., Visuthisakchai S, Mahasandana C., Veerakul G., Chongkolwatana V. et al. Bone marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood stem cell transplantation in children: ten years' experience at Siriraj Hospital. Int J Hematol 1998;68(4):411–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0925-5710(98)00083-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Zanella A., Bianchi P. Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: from genetics to clinical manifestations. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2000;13(1):57–81. DOI: 10.1053/beha.1999.0057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Grace R.F., Rose C., Layton D.M., Galactéros F., Barcellini W., Morton D.H. et al. Safety and efficacy of Mitapivat in pyruvate kinase deficiency. N Engl J Med 2019;381(10):933–44. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1902678</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Rab M.A.E., van Oirschot B.A., Kosinski P.A., Hixon J., Johnson K., Chubukov V. et al. AG-348 (Mitapivat), an allosteric activator of red blood cell pyruvate kinase, increases enzymatic activity, protein stability, and ATP levels over a broad range of PKLR genotypes. Haematologica 2021;106(1):238–49. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.238865</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Атауллаханов Ф.И., Баландина А.Н., Колева Л.Д., Синауридзе Е.И., Пантелеев М.А. Клиническая физиология системы крови. В кн: Клиническая физиология. Отв. ред. акад. Ю.В. Наточин, акад. М.Д. Алиев. М., 2023. С. 94–220. ISBN 978-5-907366-95-4. [Ataullakhanov F.I., Balandina A.N., Koleva L.D., Sinauridze E.I., Panteleev M.A. Clinical physiology of the hematologic system. In: Clinical Physiology. Exec. eds: academicians Yu.V. Natochin and M.D. Aliev. М., 2023. Рр. 94–220. ISBN 978-5-907366-95-4. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Kim Y., Park J., Kim M. Diagnostic approaches for inherited hemolytic anemia in the genetic era. Blood Res 2017;52(2):84–94. DOI: 10.5045/br.2017.52.2.84</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Koralkova P., van Solinge W.W., van Wijk R. Rare hereditary red blood cell enzymopathies associated with hemolytic anemia – pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and laboratory diagnosis. Int J Lab Hematol 2014;36(3):388–97. DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12223</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Лунякова М.А., Соколова Н.Е., Манн С.Г., Мушанова С.Н., Лебедев В.В., Сергеева А.И. и др. Наследственный сфероцитоз в структуре наследственных гемолитических анемий в Российской Федерации: результаты регистрового наблюдательного исследования. Педиатрия. Журнал им. Г.Н. Сперанского 2025;104(3):90–7. DOI: 10.24110/0031-403X-2025-104-3-90-97 [Lunyakova M.A., Sokolova N.E., Mann S.G., Mushanova S.N., Lebedev V.V., Sergeeva A.I. et al. Hereditary spherocytosis in the structure of hereditary hemolytic anemias in the russian federation: results of a registry observational study. Pediatria. Journal n.a. G.N. Speransky 2025;104(3):90–7. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Laksap S., Suanboon S., Punyamung M., Ruengdit C., Pornprasert S. A comparative evaluation of the analytical performances of premier resolution-high-performance liquid chromatography (PR-HPLC) with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) assays for the detection of hemoglobin variants and the quantitation of HbA0, A2, E, and F. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024;62(7): 1383–92. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Сметанина Н.С. Талассемия. М.: Всероссийское общество орфанных заболеваний. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://rare-diseases.ru/docs/talas.pdf (дата обращения: 16.12.2025). [Smetanina N.S. Thalassemia. M: The Russian Society of Orphan Diseases. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://rare-diseases.ru/docs/talas.pdf (accessed: 16.12.2025). (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>King M.J., Behrens J., Rogers C., Flynn C., Greenwood D., Chambers K. Rapid flow cytometric test for the diagnosis of membrane cytoskeleton-associated haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol 2000;111(3):924–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02416.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Кузьминова Ж.А., Плясунова С.А., Жогов В.В., Сметанина Н.С. Цитометрический метод связывания эозин-5-малеимида в диагностике наследственного сфероцитоза. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика 2016;61(3):168–72. DOI: 10.18821/0869–2084–2016–61–3-168-172 [Kuzminova Zh.A., Plyasunova S.A., Zhogov V.V., Smetanina N.S. The cytometric technique of eosin-5-maleimide binding in the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis. Clinical laboratory diagnosis 2016;61(3):168–72. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Прудинник Д.С., Колева Л.Д., Бовт Е.А., Кушнир Н.С., Суворова А.С., Долгих И.А. и др. Метод фильтруемости эритроцитов в диагностике наследственного сфероцитоза. Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии 2024;23(2):145–51. DOI: 10.24287/1726-1708-23-2-145-151 [Prudinnik D.S., Koleva L.D., Bovt E.A., Kushnir N.S., Suvorova A.S., Dolgikh I.A. Red blood cell filterability measurement in the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis. Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology 2024;23(2):145–51. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Layton M., Roper D. Investigation of the hereditary haemolytic anaemias: membrane and enzyme abnormalities. In: Bain B.J., Bates I., Laffan M.A. (eds.). Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. 12th ed., chapter 12. Elsevier Ltd., 2017. Pp. 228–53. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-6696-2.00012-6. ISBN 978-0-7020-6696-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Guru A., Meena P., Sawke G.K., Tripathi S. Establishing the approach to the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia in the genetic era: A case series. Cureus 2024;16(8):e67952. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67952</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Luzzatto L. Diagnosis and clinical management of enzymopathies. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2021;2021:341–52. DOI: 10.1182/hematology. 2021000266</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Agarwal A.M., Rets A.V. Molecular diagnosis of hereditary hemolytic anemias: recent updates. Int J Lab Hematol 2023;45(S2):79–86. DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.1410686</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bianchi P., Fermo E., Glader B., Kanno H., Agarwal A., Barcellini W. et al.; with the endorsement of EuroBloodNet, the European Reference Network in Rare Hematological Diseases. Addressing the diagnostic gaps in pyruvate kinase deficiency: consensus recommendations on the diagnosis of pyruvate kinase deficiency. Am J Hematol 2019;94(1):149–61. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25325</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Beutler E. Red cell metabolism. A manual of biochemical methods. 2nd ed., Grune &amp; Stratton; Inc., N. Y., 1975. 176 p. ISBH 0-8089-0861-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Koleva L., Dolgikh I.А., Kryukova A.V., Prudinnik D.S., Bovt E.А., Shakhidzhanov S.S. et al. Pyruvate kinase deficiency: markedly decreased reticulocyte PK activity and limited specificity of the PK:HK ratio. Int J Mol Sci (Special Issue: Blood Cells in Human Health and Disease) 2025;26(17):8606. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26178606</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Van Wijk R., van Solinge W.W. The energy-less red blood cell is lost: erythrocyte enzyme abnormalities of glycolysis. Blood 2005;106(13):4034–42. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1622</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Baldwin C., Pandey J., Olarewaju O. Hemolytic anemia. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2025. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558904/ (accessed 16.12.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Phillips J., Henderson A.C. Hemolytic anemia: evaluation and differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician 2018;98(6):354–61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Zanella A., Fermo E., Bianchi P., Valentini G. Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: molecular and clinical aspects. Br J Haematol 2005;130(1):11–25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05527.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Schwartz J.D., Barcellini W., Grace R.F., Bianchi P., Zanella A., López Lorenzo J.L. et al. Who should be eligible for gene therapy clinical trials in red blood cell pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD)? Toward an expanded definition of severe PKD. Am J Hematol 2022;97(3):E120–5. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26458.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Mason P.J. Red cell enzyme deficiencies: from genetic basis to gene transfer. Semin Hematol 1998;35(2):126–35.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Fattizzo B., Cavallaro F., Marcello A.P.M.L., Vercellati C., Barcellini W. Pyruvate kinase deficiency: current challenges and future prospects. J Blood Med 2022;13:461–71. DOI: 10.2147/JBM.S353907</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
