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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1095</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1095</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Interim results of a multicenter study of treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia according to the AML-MRD-2018 protocol</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Промежуточные результаты многоцентрового исследования терапии пациентов с острым миелоидным лейкозом по протоколу ОМЛ-MRD-2018</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-5734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novichkova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новичкова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Med. Sci., Professor, Scientific Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, научный руководитель</p></bio><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5318-8033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popa</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попа</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-2132</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abashidze</surname><given-names>Z. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абашидзе</surname><given-names>З. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-5286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8384-5073</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleinikova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алейникова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0813-5626</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0183-1530</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Venyov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Венев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-1726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-6583</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bankole</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Банколе</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7130-8596</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baydildina</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байдильдина</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7265-0414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khachatryan</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хачатрян</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0520-5630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shelikhova</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шелихова</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9634-5828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zerkalenkova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зеркаленкова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-9018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaskova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаськова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1085-4646</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казакова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0889-6986</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-0498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-7412</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashpor</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашпор</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-0735</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Plyasunova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плясунова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8228-4876</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubrovina</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубровина</surname><given-names>М. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-9657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronin</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронин</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8562-8945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Protsvetkina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Процветкина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9881-6221</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsaur</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цаур</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-3912</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fechina</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фечина</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-2647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antoshin</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антошин</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2731-4531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boychenko</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойченко</surname><given-names>Э. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3888-9656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Inyushkina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Инюшкина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3635-8579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aslanyan</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асланян</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-5273</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shapochnik</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапочник</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8940-2177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakupova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якупова</surname><given-names>Э. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-0093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maschan</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масчан</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0016-6698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maschan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масчан</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>galina.novichkova@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, Ekaterinburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГАУЗ СО «Областная детская клиническая больница», Екатеринбург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of the N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская детская клиническая больница – филиал ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children's City Multidisciplinary Clinical Specialized Center of High Medical Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Детский городской многопрофильный клинический специализированный центр высоких медицинских технологий»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Oncology Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной онкологический диспансер»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff8"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology of Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр детской онкологии и гематологии ГБУ РО «Областная детская клиническая больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff9"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, Orenburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГАУЗ «Областная детская клиническая больница», Оренбург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff10"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Children's Clinical Hospital, Ufa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Республиканская детская клиническая больница», Уфа</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1095">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1095</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the second most prevalent type of blood malignancy in children that accounts for 15–20% of all pediatric leukemia cases. Before 2018, large-scale prospective studies of AML in children in the Russian Federation were constrained by the absence of both a central pathology review system and centralized monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD). To address these issues, the national protocol AML-MRD-2018 (NCT03846362) was developed and initiated by the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>This study included 631 patients from 54 clinical facilities across 48 regions of the Russian Federation. Central pathology review was performed at two institutions: the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology (Moscow) and Yekaterinburg Regional Children's Clinical Hospital. Risk group stratification was performed in two steps: initially it was based on molecular and genetic characteristics of blast cells, and then (for intermediate risk group) – on response to treatment assessed by MRD testing. Criteria for primary refractoriness and the transfer of patients to a high-risk group were blast cell count (assessed morphologically and immunophenotypically) &gt; 5% after induction and MRD ≥ 0.1% after the first course of consolidation. The final stratification was as follows: 67 standard-risk patients, 251 intermediate-risk patients, and 313 high-risk patients.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Response to induction therapy was assessable in 580 patients; complete remission was achieved in 84.3% of the cases (<italic>n</italic> = 489). Treatment effectiveness varied significantly across the risk groups: it was 100% in the standard-risk group (all the patients achieved MRD-negative remission), 91.5% in the intermediate-risk group and 72.9% in the high-risk group (which had the highest proprotion of refractory and MRD positive patients). The first cycle of consolidation therapy according to the protocol was given to 385 patients from the intermediate- and high-risk groups; MRD assessment was performed in 348 cases. MRD-negative remission was achieved in 196 (96%) out of 204 MRD-assessed patients in the intermediate-risk group and in 129 (90%) out of 144 MRD-assessed patients in the high-risk group. The 3-year treatment outcomes in the whole cohort of patients (<italic>n</italic> = 631) were the following: the overall survival (OS) reached 71% (95% confidence interval (CI) 68–76), the event-free survival (EFS) was 44% (95% CI 40–48), the cumulative risk of relapse (CRR) was 36% (95% CI 31–41). There were significant differences in these parameters between the risk-groups: standard-risk group (<italic>n</italic> = 67): OS – 84%, EFS – 66%, CRR – 24%; intermediate-risk group (<italic>n</italic> = 251): OS – 77%, EFS – 50%, CRR – 38%; high-risk group (<italic>n</italic> = 313): OS – 64%, EFS – 34%, CRR – 37%. Over the period of observation, a total of 255 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCT) were performed. The most common HSCTs were from haploidentical related donors (<italic>n</italic> = 180; 70%), the graft sources were peripheral blood stem cells (<italic>n</italic> = 138) and bone marrow (<italic>n</italic> = 87). The median time from start of therapy to HSCT was 5 months. The 2-year EFS after HSCT was 65% and the 2-year OS post-HSCT was 75%.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> To date, the potential of universal chemotherapy protocols for AML has been exhausted. Further improvements in treatment outcomes are only possible through the implementation of individualized treatment strategies based on molecular genetic profiling. Promising approaches include the addition of FLT3 inhibitors, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, venetoclax; the inclusion of menin inhibitors in leukemias with <italic>KMT2A</italic> rearrangements; the integration of hypomethylating agents in the treatment of patients with CBF-AML.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Острый миелоидный лейкоз (ОМЛ) занимает второе место по распространенности среди злокачественных заболеваний системы крови у детей, составляя 15–20% всех детских лейкозов. В Российской Федерации до 2018 г. возможности масштабных проспективных исследований ОМЛ у детей были ограничены в связи с отсутствием унифицированной референс-диагностики и централизованного мониторинга минимальной остаточной болезни (МОБ). Решением стал национальный протокол ОМЛ-MRD-2018 (NCT03846362), инициированный НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследование включен 631 пациент из 54 клинических подразделений 48 регионов Российской Федерации. Референс-диагностика выполнялась в двух учреждениях: ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России (Москва) и Областной детской клинической больнице г. Екатеринбурга. Стратификация на группы риска проводилась в два этапа: исходно – на основании молекулярно-генетических характеристик бластных клеток, повторно (для промежуточной группы) – по ответу на терапию на основании МОБ. Критериями первичной рефрактерности и перевода пациентов в группу высокого риска были количество бластных клеток (морфологически и иммунофенотипически) &gt; 5% после индукции и уровень МОБ ≥ 0,1% после первого курса консолидации. Итоговое распределение было следующим: стандартный риск – 67 пациентов, промежуточный – 251, высокий – 313.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Оценка ответа на терапию индукции была возможна у 580 пациентов, полная ремиссия достигнута в 84,3% случаев (<italic>n</italic> = 489). Эффективность значимо различалась по группам риска: в группе стандартного риска она составила 100% (все пациенты достигли МОБ-негативной ремиссии), в группе промежуточного риска – 91,5%, в группе высокого риска – 72,9% (наибольшая доля рефрактерных и МОБ-позитивных пациентов). Первый блок консолидации по протоколу получили 385 пациентов из групп промежуточного и высокого риска, оценка МОБ выполнена в 348 случаях. МОБ-негативная ремиссия достигнута у 196 (96%) из 204 обследованных пациентов в группе промежуточного риска и у 129 (90%) из 144 – в группе высокого риска. Трехлетние результаты во всей когорте пациентов (<italic>n</italic> = 631) составили: общая выживаемость (ОВ) – 71% (95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) 68–76), бессобытийная выживаемость (БСВ) – 44% (95% ДИ 40–48), кумулятивный риск рецидива (КРР) – 36% (95% ДИ 31–41). Показатели значимо различались между группами риска: стандартный риск (<italic>n</italic> = 67): ОВ – 84%, БСВ – 66%, КРР – 24%; промежуточный риск (<italic>n</italic> = 251): ОВ – 77%, БСВ – 50%, КРР – 38%; высокий риск (<italic>n</italic> = 313): ОВ – 64%, БСВ – 34%, КРР – 37%. За период наблюдения проведено 255 аллогенных трансплантаций гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ТГСК). Преобладали ТГСК от гаплоидентичных родственных доноров (<italic>n</italic> = 180; 70%), источником трансплантата в 138 случаях были периферические стволовые клетки крови, в 87 – костный мозг. Медиана времени от начала терапии до ТГСК составила 5 мес. Двухлетняя выживаемость после ТГСК: БСВ – 65%, ОВ – 75%.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Ресурс универсальных химиотерапевтических протоколов при ОМЛ к настоящему времени исчерпан. Дальнейшее улучшение результатов возможно только за счет персонализации терапии на основе молекулярно-генетического профиля. Перспективные направления: добавление ингибиторов FLT3, гемтузумаба озогамицина, венетоклакса; внедрение ингибиторов менина при <italic>KMT2A</italic>-перестройках; интеграция гипометилирующих агентов в терапию CBF-лейкемий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>acute myeloid leukemia</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic characteristic</kwd><kwd>minimal residual disease</kwd><kwd>AML-MRD-2018 protocol</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>острый миелоидный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетическая характеристика</kwd><kwd>минимальная остаточная болезнь</kwd><kwd>протокол ОМЛ-MRD-2018</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Arber D.A., Orazi A., Hasserjian R.P., Borowitz M.J., Calvo K.R., Kvasnicka H.-M. et al. International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias: integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data. 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