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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1109</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1109</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IZVRYA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Change of immunophenotypic subtype in relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to a shift in antigen expression profile</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Смена иммунофенотипического варианта острого лимфобластного лейкоза при диагностике рецидива за счет изменения антигенного профиля опухолевых клеток</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4317-2094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demina</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дёмина</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-1694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semchenkova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семченкова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-0498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4303-1250</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Daghestani</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дагестани</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9634-5828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zerkalenkova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зеркаленкова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9670-3728</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rumyantseva</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Румянцева</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9300-198X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karachunskiy</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карачунский</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Alexander M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Med. Sci., Head of Leukemia Immunophenotyping Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, заведующий лабораторией иммунофенотипирования гемобластозов </p></bio><email>uralcytometry@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-10"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-21"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1109">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1109</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim:</bold> to evaluate changes in immunophenotype of leukemic blasts in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) relapse.</p> <p>Materials and methods. The data of flow cytometric studies of paired diagnosis-relapse samples from 234 children with relapsed ALL were analyzed retrospectively.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Among 212 B-lineage ALL cases, antigen expression changes in 21 (9.9%) patients led to a formal change of the immunophenotypic subtype of ALL. The most frequent direction of subtype change (43% of the cases) was intracellular IgM loss which resulted in a change from BIII to BII variant. Less frequently (in 38% of the cases) CD10 downexpression led to a change from BII to BI subtype. In T-lineage ALL patients, changes in the expression of antigens used for subtype classification were noted in 7 (31.8%) out of 22 cases. In six of them, tumor cells lacked CD1a which is crucial for the definition of TIII variant. The most frequent direction of subtype change was from TIII to TII, due to the loss of CD1a and absence of T-cell receptor expression.</p> <p><bold>Discussion.</bold> Relapses of ALL with subtype change did not differ from other relapses in either immunophenotypic stability, time to relapse or molecular characteristics of leukemic blasts. Such changes of subtype were mainly caused by the specifics of immunological classification and positivity thresholds. Therefore, immunophenotypic subtype shift is mainly formal and does not reflect significant changes in leukemia biology.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> This immunophenotypical instability should be considered in order to avoid misinterpretation of flow cytometric data at relapse diagnosis. On the other hand, it shows the need for full immunophenotyping of tumor blasts also at relapse.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оценить изменения иммунофенотипа опухолевых клеток при рецидиве острого лимфобластного лейкоза (ОЛЛ) и определить частоту смены иммунологического варианта лейкоза.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Ретроспективно были проанализированы данные парного исследования иммунофенотипа опухолевых клеток костного мозга 234 пациентов с ОЛЛ, полученные при первичной диагностике и диагностике рецидива.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Среди 212 описанных рецидивов В-линейного ОЛЛ в 21 (9,9%) случае изменение иммунофенотипа приводило к необходимости смены подтипа при формировании заключения при диагностике рецидива. Самым частым вариантом смены классификационной группы (43% случаев) при утрате или снижении экспрессии (до менее 10%) внутриклеточного IgM было изменение варианта ВIII на ВII. Второй по частоте являлась смена варианта ВII на ВI (38%) в связи с утратой или снижением экспрессии CD10 на поверхности опухолевых клеток. При Т-линейном ОЛЛ у 7 (31,8%) из 22 пациентов в рецидиве изменилась экспрессия классификационных маркеров, что привело к смене подтипа ОЛЛ. В 6 из 7 случаев смена подтипа происходила за счет утраты CD1a, который определяет TIII-вариант ОЛЛ. Самой частой была смена TIII на TII, которая определялась лишь утратой CD1a при отсутствии молекул Т-клеточного рецептора.</p> <p><bold>Обсуждение.</bold> Рецидивы ОЛЛ со сменой подтипа не имели достоверных отличий от обычных рецидивов ни по изменчивости иммунофенотипа, ни по времени возникновения, ни по биологии опухолевых клеток. В первую очередь они были связаны с особенностями классификации подгрупп ОЛЛ и установленными границами позитивности. Данные изменения носят строго формальный характер, не являясь отражением существенных изменений биологии опухоли.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> С одной стороны, подобная вариабельность антигенного профиля не должна усложнять интерпретацию цитометрических данных при диагностике рецидивов ОЛЛ, а с другой – она определяет необходимость проведения полного развернутого иммунофенотипирования клеток костного мозга в рецидиве.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute lymphoblastic leukemia</kwd><kwd>relapse</kwd><kwd>immunophenotype</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый лимфобластный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>рецидивы</kwd><kwd>иммунофенотип</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Благотворительный фонд «Подари жизнь»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Podari Zhizn Charity Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was financially supported by the Podari Zhizn Charity Foundation.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование проведено при финансовой поддержке благотворительного фонда «Подари жизнь».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hunger S.P., Mullighan C.G. 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