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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1117</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1117</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XQUSOY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis based on janus kinase inhibitors versus calcineurin inhibitors in children following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ клинической эффективности и безопасности профилактики реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» на основе ингибиторов янус-киназ в сравнении с ингибиторами кальциневрина у детей после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-4045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Machneva</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мачнева</surname><given-names>Елена Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., a hematologist at the Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Russian Children's Clinical Hospital<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач-гематолог отделения трансплантации костного мозга, Российская детская клиническая больница<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>lena.machneva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-1444</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skorobogatova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скоробогатова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The Russian Children's Clinical Hospital<italic> </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская детская клиническая больница<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>lena.machneva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-27"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-18"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1117">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1117</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains one of the key factors limiting the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in pediatric patients. Conventional calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based GVHD prophylaxis is associated with considerable organ toxicity and the risk of endothelial complications, and often fails to demonstrate sufficient efficacy.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> to analyze the efficacy and safety of janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) in comparison with CNIs for GVHD prevention in children after allo-HSCT.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of allo-HSCT performed in 316 pediatric patients between 2019 and 2025. The patients were stratified into 2 subgroups: the group of interest and the control group. Patients in the group of interest (<italic>n</italic> = 158) received JAKi-based GVHD prophylaxis with ruxolitinib or tofacitinib while the control group (<italic>n</italic> = 158) underwent standard CNI-based therapy. The groups were comparable with respect to the major baseline characteristics that could influence allo-HSCT outcomes and the risk of GVHD, such as diagnosis, age and gender, and donor type. The only differences were follow-up duration (longer in the control group), the source of hematopoietic stem cells (peripheral blood stem cells were more frequently used in the group of interest) and the frequency of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) use.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> JAKi-based regimens were found to have a statistically significant advantage over standard prophylaxis with CNIs in terms of reducing the incidence of acute GVHD (52.5% vs. 65.2%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.02), febrile neutropenia (44.3% vs. 70.9%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.00), endothelial complications (10.8% vs. 19.0%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.04), severe infections (20.9% vs. 34.0%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.01), and visceral toxicity (18.6% vs. 33.5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.00). Furthermore, the use of JAKi resulted in faster leukopoiesis recovery compared to CNIs (a median of 17 vs. 20 days; <italic>p</italic> = 0.01), despite the more extensive use of PTCy. Particular emphasis was placed on the possibility of complete elimination of CNIs from prophylaxis regimens as well as the minimization of glucocorticoid use.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> JAKi, in combination with adaptive PTCy regimens and targeted agents, form a new advanced strategy for GVHD prophylaxis in children. This approach reduces the incidence of endothelial complications and visceral toxicity, accelerates hematopoietic recovery, and minimizes steroid exposure and infectious complications after allo-HSCT, while ensuring the efficacy of prophylaxis even in patients at high risk of developing GVHD.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Проблема развития реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» (РТПХ) остается одним из ключевых факторов, ограничивающих успех аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГСК) в педиатрической практике. Традиционные методы профилактики РТПХ, базирующиеся на использовании ингибиторов кальциневрина (ИК), характеризуются значительной органной токсичностью, риском развития эндотелиальных осложнений и нередко показывают недостаточную эффективность.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – анализ эффективности и безопасности применения ингибиторов янус-киназ (ИЯК) в сравнении с ИК для профилактики РТПХ у детей после алло-ТГСК.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В работе представлен ретроспективный анализ результатов алло-ТГСК, выполненных у 316 педиатрических пациентов в период с 2019 по 2025 г. Все пациенты были разделены на 2 группы: основную и группу контроля. Пациенты основной группы (<italic>n</italic> = 158) получали профилактику РТПХ на основе ИЯК – руксолитиниба или тофацитиниба, группы контроля (<italic>n</italic> = 158) – стандартную терапию на основе ИК. Анализируемые группы были сопоставимы по основным инициальным характеристикам, оказывающим влияние на результаты алло-ТГСК и риск развития РТПХ: нозологической структуре, возрастному и гендерному составу, типу доноров. Различия отмечались лишь во времени наблюдения (более длительное – в группе контроля), использовании разных источников гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (в основной группе чаще применяли периферические стволовые клетки крови), а также в частоте применения посттрансплантационного циклофосфамида (ПТЦФ).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В исследовании продемонстрировано статистически значимое преимущество ИЯК-ориентированных схем по сравнению с традиционными схемами на основе ИК в отношении снижения частоты острой РТПХ (52,5% против 65,2%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,02), фебрильной нейтропении (44,3% против 70,9%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,00), эндотелиальных осложнений (10,8% против 19,0%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,04), тяжелых инфекционных осложнений (20,9% против 34,0%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,01) и висцеральной токсичности (18,6% против 33,5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,00). Кроме того, выявлено, что применение ИЯК в сравнении с ИК позволяет достичь более раннего восстановления лейкопоэза (медиана – 17 против 20 дней; <italic>p</italic> = 0,01), несмотря на более широкое использование ПТЦФ. Особое внимание уделено возможности полной элиминации ИК из протоколов профилактики и минимизации использования глюкокортикостероидов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> ИЯК в комбинации с адаптивными схемами применения ПТЦФ и таргетными препаратами формируют новую, высокотехнологичную платформу профилактики РТПХ у детей. Этот подход позволяет снизить частоту развития эндотелиальных осложнений и висцеральной токсичности, ускорить восстановление гемопоэза, минимизировать стероидную нагрузку и инфекционные осложнения после алло-ТГСК, обеспечивая при этом эффективность профилактики РТПХ даже в группах пациентов с высоким риском ее развития.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>calcineurin inhibitors</kwd><kwd>janus kinase inhibitors</kwd><kwd>graft-versus-host disease</kwd><kwd>ruxolitinib</kwd><kwd>tofacitinib</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы кальциневрина</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы янус-киназ</kwd><kwd>реакция трансплантат против хозяина</kwd><kwd>руксолитиниб</kwd><kwd>тофацитиниб</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sureda A., Corbacioglu S., Greco R., Kröger N., Carreras E. 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