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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1139</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1139</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IXWQVX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pathogen-specific immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using an αβ T cell depletion platform in children with acute leukemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Восстановление патоген-специфичного иммунного ответа после трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток на платформе деплеции αβ-T-лимфоцитов у детей с острыми лейкозами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1384-1752</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dunaykina</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дунайкина</surname><given-names>Мария Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>a hematologist at Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Department No.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гематолог отделения трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток №1 </p></bio><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0520-5630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shelikhova</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шелихова</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8754-1376</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blagov</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Благов</surname><given-names>С. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1216-817X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimentova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климентова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7387-9197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Perminova</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перминова</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-3486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-5354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаев</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4075-3133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimenko</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефименко</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-7269</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solopova</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солопова</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-0569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balashov</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балашов</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0016-6698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maschan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масчан</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-0093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maschan</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масчан</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>centrles.it@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-21"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1139">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1139</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) using a TCRαβ/CD19 depletion platform is associated with a low incidence of graft-versus-host disease, however, delayed immune reconstitution increases the risk of opportunistic viral reactivation.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> to analyze the kinetics of pathogen-specific immune reconstitution and its impact on clinical outcomes of allo-HSCT.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold><bold> </bold>We performed a retrospective analysis on a cohort of 265 children from the prospective database of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology. All patients underwent their first allo-HSCT from a haploidentical donor with TCRαβ/CD19 depletion between September 2016 and March 2022. Pathogen-specific T-cell responses were assessed by IFN-γ ELISPOT assays (cutoff ≥10 SFC/3 × 10⁵ MNC) on days +30, +60, +90, +180, and at 1 year after allo-HSCT.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> For cytomegalovirus (CMV), the proportion of ELISPOT-positive patients increased from 38.5 to 70% during the first year after allo-HSCT. For adenovirus, the proportion of ELISPOT-positive patients was 7% on day +30, 16% on day +90, and 38–49% from day +180 to 1 year. For Epstein–Barr virus, the proportion of ELISPOT-positive patients reached 22% at 1 year after allo-HSCT. On day +30, SFC counts for CMV showed the strongest correlation with CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells; by 1 year, this association was no longer evident (R² = 0.005;<italic> p</italic> = 0.058). CMV ELISPOT positivity on day +30 correlated with CMV reactivation (57% vs 42%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.012), reflecting the effect of antigenic stimulation on T cell expansion. On day +60, ELISPOT positivity predicted a more favorable course of viremia, including a shorter duration of viremia (4 weeks vs 6 weeks;<italic> p</italic> = 0.023) and a lower peak viral load (9587 copies/mL vs 23 525 copies/mL;<italic> p </italic>= 0.029). The cumulative risk of transplant-related mortality was 3% (95% confidence interval 2–6); the trend toward lower transplant-related mortality in patients with ELISPOT positivity on day +30 did not reach statistical significance (1% vs 4%;<italic> p</italic> = 0.798).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Therefore, reconstitution of pathogen-specific immunity after allo-HSCT is antigen-dependent. The presence of virus-specific T cells is associated with more effective control of viremia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГСК) на платформе TCRαβ/CD19-деплеции ассоциирована с низкой частотой реакции «трансплантат против хозяина», но в связи с отсроченной иммунореконституцией возрастает риск реактивации оппортунистических вирусных инфекций.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – проанализировать кинетику восстановления патоген-специфичного иммунного ответа и его влияние на клинические исходы алло-ТГСК.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведен ретроспективный анализ когорты из проспективной базы НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева – 265 детей, получивших первую алло-ТГСК от гаплоидентичного донора с TCRαβ/CD19-деплецией с сентября 2016 г. по март 2022 г. Специфический Т-клеточный ответ оценивали методом IFN-γ ELISPOT (порог ≥10 SFC/3 × 10⁵ MNC) на +30, +60, +90, +180-е сутки и через 1 год после трансплантации.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Для цитомегаловируса (ЦМВ) доля ELISPOT-позитивных пациентов выросла с 38,5 до 70,0% в течение 1 года после алло-ТГСК. Для аденовируса она составила 7% на +30-е, 16% на +90-е и 38–49% со +180-го дня до 1 года. Для вируса Эпштейна–Барр – 22% к 1 году после алло-ТГСК. На +30-е сутки количество ЦМВ-SFC сильнее всего коррелировало с CD3⁺CD8⁺; к 1 году связь нивелировалась (R² = 0,005;<italic> </italic><italic>p</italic> = 0,058). ELISPOT-позитивность к ЦМВ на +30-е сутки коррелировала с реактивацией ЦМВ (57% против 42%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,012), что отражает влияние антигенной стимуляции на экспансию Т-лимфоцитов. На +60-е сутки ELISPOT-позитивность предсказывала более благоприятное течение виремии – ее меньшую длительность (4 нед против 6 нед; <italic>p</italic> = 0,023) и более низкий пик вирусной нагрузки (9587 копий/мл против 23 525 копий/мл; <italic>p</italic><italic> </italic>= 0,029). Кумулятивный риск трансплантат-ассоциированной смертности составил 3% (95% доверительный интервал 2–6); тенденция к меньшему показателю смертности, связанной с трансплантацией, при ELISPOT-позитивности на +30-е сутки статистической значимости не достигла (1% против 4%;<italic> </italic><italic>p</italic> = 0,798).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Таким образом, восстановление патоген-специфичного иммунитета после алло-ТГСК носит антигензависимый характер. Наличие вирус-специфичных Т-лимфоцитов ассоциировано с более эффективным контролем виремии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pathogen-specific immune response</kwd><kwd>opportunistic viral infections</kwd><kwd>allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>патоген-специфичный иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>оппортунистические вирусные инфекции</kwd><kwd>аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Locatelli F., Merli P., Pagliara D., Li Pira G., Falco M., Pende D. et al. Outcome of children with acute leukemia given HLA-haploidentical HSCT after αβ T-cell and B-cell depletion. Blood 2017;130:677–85. DOI: 10.1182/BLOOD-2017-04-779769</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Handgretinger R. 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