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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1154</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.1154</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EZWRLV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of rare inherited bone marrow failure syndromes with cancer predisposition</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток в терапии редких синдромов врожденной костномозговой недостаточности с предрасположенностью к злокачественным заболеваниям</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-5286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>a hematologist at the Pediatric Oncology/Hematology Isolation Unit </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гематолог боксированного отделения гематологии и детской онкологии</p></bio><email>mariya.vasileva@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0016-6698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maschan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масчан</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mariya.vasileva@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7634-2053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Raykina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Райкина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mariya.vasileva@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3974-5662</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mariya.vasileva@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-5734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novichkova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новичкова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mariya.vasileva@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-13"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-14"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1154">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/1154</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) caused by germline pathogenic variants in hematopoietic genes are associated with a high risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains the only curative treatment for most of these disorders; however, the optimal indications and timing of transplantation for different genetic subtypes have not yet been fully established.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> to evaluate the role of allo-HSCT in the management of patients with rare IBMFS caused by germline variants in<italic> GATA2, GATA1, TP53, DDX41,</italic> and <italic>CBLB</italic>, and to define the indications for transplantation.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study included 33 patients with IBMFS evaluated at the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology (Moscow, Russia) between 2021 and 2025. All the patients underwent comprehensive molecular genetic testing. Clinical manifestations, molecular and cytogenetic characteristics, indications for allo-HSCT, and treatment outcomes were analyzed.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The largest subgroup consisted of patients with <italic>GATA2</italic> variants (51.5%) who demonstrated a high incidence of clonal evolution and progression to MDS. The main indications for allo-HSCT were clonal evolution, transformation to MDS, and transfusion dependence. The most favorable outcomes were observed in patients with <italic>GATA1</italic>-associated cytopenias, whereas patients with <italic>TP53</italic>-associated syndromes had the poorest prognosis. Our findings indicate that performing allo-HSCT before the development of advanced clonal evolution and malignant transformation is associated with improved long-term outcomes.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Molecular genetic testing plays a pivotal role in determining the indications and optimal timing of allo-HSCT in patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. A personalized approach based on the underlying genetic defect, clinical disease course, and evidence of clonal evolution allows for timely transplantation and improves patient outcomes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Врожденные синдромы костномозговой недостаточности (ВСКМН), обусловленные герминальными вариантами в генах гемопоэза, характеризуются высоким риском развития миелодиспластического синдрома (МДС) и острого миелоидного лейкоза. Аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГСК) является единственным радикальным методом лечения большинства таких заболеваний, однако оптимальные показания и сроки ее выполнения при различных генетических вариантах окончательно не определены.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оценить роль алло-ТГСК в терапии пациентов с редкими синдромами ВСКМН, обусловленными герминальными вариантами в генах <italic>GATA</italic><italic>2, </italic><italic>GATA</italic><italic>1, </italic><italic>TP</italic><italic>53, </italic><italic>DDX</italic><italic>41</italic> и <italic>CBLB</italic>, а также определить показания к ее проведению.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследование включены 33 пациента с ВСКМН, обследованных в ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России в 2021–2025 гг. Всем пациентам выполнено комплексное молекулярно-генетическое обследование, проведен анализ клинических проявлений, молекулярно-генетических и цитогенетических особенностей, показаний к алло-ТГСК и результатов лечения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Наиболее многочисленную группу составили пациенты с герминальными вариантами в гене <italic>GATA</italic><italic>2</italic> (51,5%), характеризующиеся высокой частотой клональной эволюции и развития МДС. Основными показаниями к трансплантации являлись клональная эволюция, трансформация в МДС и трансфузионная зависимость. Наиболее благоприятные результаты получены у пациентов с <italic>GATA</italic><italic>1</italic>-ассоциированными цитопениями. У пациентов с <italic>TP</italic><italic>53</italic>-ассоциированными синдромами отмечен наиболее неблагоприятный прогноз. Полученные данные подтверждают, что проведение алло-ТГСК до развития выраженной клональной эволюции и злокачественной трансформации способствует улучшению долгосрочных результатов лечения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Молекулярно-генетическая диагностика играет ключевую роль в определении показаний и оптимальных сроков проведения алло-ТГСК у пациентов с ВСКМН. Персонализированный подход, основанный на генетическом варианте, клиническом течении заболевания и наличии признаков клональной эволюции, позволяет своевременно проводить алло-ТГСК и улучшать прогноз.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>inherited bone marrow failure</kwd><kwd>predisposition syndromes</kwd><kwd>GATA1</kwd><kwd>GATA2</kwd><kwd>TP53</kwd><kwd>DDX41</kwd><kwd>SRP72</kwd><kwd>allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>врожденная костномозговая недостаточность</kwd><kwd>синдромы предрасположенности</kwd><kwd>GATA1</kwd><kwd>GATA2</kwd><kwd>TP53</kwd><kwd>DDX41</kwd><kwd>SRP72</kwd><kwd>аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Фонд «Наука – детям»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Science for Children Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Science for Children Foundation.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование проводилось при поддержке фонда «Наука – детям».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Васильева М.С., Масчан А.А., Новичкова Г.А. 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