<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">14</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2017-16-4-90-97</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Alternative therapies of manifest forms of β-thalassemia: stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Стимуляция синтеза фетального гемоглобина как альтернативный метод лечения манифестных форм -талассемии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0929-4792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasilnikova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красильникова</surname><given-names>М.В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, hematologist, Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Immunology and Cell Technology</p><p>Russia 117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela st., 1</p><p> </p></bio><email>marina.krasilnikova@fcchomoscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9865-527X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karamjan</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карамян</surname><given-names>Н.А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>marina.krasilnikova@fcchomoscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-11-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-08-09"><day>09</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/14">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/14</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An imbalance in the synthesis and ratio of α and non-α globin chains is the major pathophysiological mechanism leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis in severe form of the β-thalassemia. Phenotype in patients who retain the capacity to synthesize fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is milder due to decreasing α- /non-α globin chain imbalance. Induction of HbF might be an effective therapeutic strategy for severe form of β-thalassemia. This literature review presents data about efficiency safeness of different medication and their combination, which stimulate synthesis of HbF. This review can provide a new insight into the current status and future perspectives in HbF reactivation as treatment option for severe form of β-thalassemia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Основным патофизиологическим механизмом развития неэффективного эритропоэза и гемолиза при манифестных формах -талассемии является дисбаланс синтеза - и не--глобиновых цепей. Отмечается более легкое течение болезни у пациентов, сохраняющих способность синтезировать фетальный гемоглобин (HbF), тем самым уменьшается дисбаланс -/не--глобиновых цепей. В связи с этим фармакологическая стимуляция синтеза HbF рассматривается как эффективное терапевтическое направление в лечении пациентов с манифестными формами -талассемии. В данном обзоре литературы авторы подробно рассматривают применяемые схемы фармакологической стимуляции синтеза HbF, оценивают эффективность и безопасность различных препаратов и их комбинаций, а также текущее состояние и будущие перспективы реактивации HbF для лечения манифестных форм -талассемий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>β-thalassemia</kwd><kwd>erythropoiesis</kwd><kwd>fetal hemoglobin</kwd><kwd>γ-globin chains</kwd><kwd>stimulation of HbF synthesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Бэта-талассемия</kwd><kwd>эритропоэз</kwd><kwd>-глобиновые цепи</kwd><kwd>фетальный гемоглобин</kwd><kwd>стимуляция синтеза HbF</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Nathan D., Oski F. Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, 3th ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1987; Vol. 1; 847 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Cazzola M., Borgna-Pignatti C., Locatelli F., Ponchio L., Beguin Y., De Stefano P. A moderate transfusion regimen may reduce iron loading in beta-thalassemia major without producing excessive expansion of erythropoiesis. Transfusion 1997; 37 (2): 135-40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Cappellini M.D., Cohen A., Eleftheriou A., Piga A., Porter J., Taher A. Guidelines for the Management of Transfusion Dependent Thalassaemia, 2nd Edition TIF, 2007, 203 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Cappellini M.D., Bejaoui M., Agaoglu L., Canatan D., et al. Iron chelation with deferasirox in adult and pediatric patients with thalassemia major: efficacy and safety during 5 years' follow-up. Blood 2011; 118 (4): 884-93.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Rachmilewitz EA, Giardina PJ. How I treat thalassemia. Blood 2011; 118 (13): 3479-88.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Sharef S.W., Al-Hajri M., Beshlawi I., Al-Shahrabally A., Elshinawy M., Zachariah M., et al. Optimizing Hydroxyurea use in children with sickle cell disease: low dose regimen is effective. Eur J Haematol 2013; 90 (6): 519-24.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Karnon J., Zeuner D., Brown J., Ades A.E., Wonke B., Modell B. Lifetime treatment costs of beta-thalassaemia major. Clin Lab Haematol 1999; 21(6): 377-85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ginsberg G., Tulchinsky T., Filon D., Goldfarb A., Abramov L., Rachmilevitz E.A. Cost-benefit analysis of a national thalassaemia prevention programme in Israel. J Med Screen 1998; 5 (3): 120-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>de Silva S., Fisher C.A., Premawardhena A., Lamabadusuriya S.P., Peto T.E., Perera G., еt al. Thalassaemia in Sri Lanka: implications for the future health burden of Asian populations. Sri Lanka Thalassaemia Study Group Lancet 2000; 355 (9206): 786-91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Angelucci E., Matthes-Martin S., Baronciani D., Bernaudin F.,Bonanomi S., Cappellini M.D., et al. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation In Thalassemia Major And Sickle Cell Disease: Indications And Management Recommendations From An International Expert Panel. Haematologica 2014; 99: 811-20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Наследственные анемии и гемоглобинопатии (Под ред. Ю.Н. Токарева, С.Р. Холлан, Х.Ф. Корраля-Альмонте). - М.: Медицина, 1983, 336 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Schroeder W.A., Huisman T.H., Shelton J.R., Shelton J.B., Kleihauer E.F., Dozy A., Robberson B. Evidence of multiple structural genes for -chain of human fetal hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1968; 60: 537.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Deisseroth A., Neinhuis A., Lawrence J. Chromosomal localization of the human beta globin gene to human chromosome 11 in somatic cell hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 1456.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Важнейшие гемоглобинопатии и талас-семические синдромы (Под ред. А.Г. Румянцева, Ю.Н. Токарева, Н.С. Сметаниной). - М.: Практическая медицина, 2015, 448 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лимборская С.А. Молекулярная природа генетической гетерогенности талассемии / В кн.: Теоретические проблемы медицинской генетики. - М., 1979, с. 4-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лимборская С.А. Молекулярная природа генетической гетерогенности талассемии / В кн.: Теоретические проблемы медицинской генетики. - М., 1979, с. 4-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Stamatoyannopoulos G., Nienhuis A.W., Stamatoyannopoulos G., Papayannopoulou T., Stamatoyannopoulos G., Nienhuis A.W., editors. Fetal hemoglobin and the erythroid stem cell differentiation process. Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Hemoglobin Switching. Grune and Stratton; New York, NY. 1979; p. 323-50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Wood W.G. Haemoglobin synthesis during human fetal development. Br Med Bull 1976; 32: 282-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Шиффман Ф.Д. Патофизиология крови. - М.: БИНОМ, 2009, 448 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Hematology: Basic principles and practice. Edited by: R. Hoffman, E.J. Benz, S.J. Shattil, B. Furie, H.J. Cohen, L.E. Silberstein, P. McGlave 4th ed. 2005, 2821 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Musallam K.M., Taher A.T., Cappellini M.D., Sankaran V.G. Clinical experience with fetal hemoglobin induction therapy in patients with -thalassemia. Blood 2013; 121: 2199-212.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Rund D., Rachmilewitz E. β-thalassemia. N Engl J Med, 2005; 353: 1135-1146.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Ley T.J., DeSimone J., Anagnou N.P., Keller G.H., Humphries R.K., Turner P.H., et al. 5-azacytidine selectively increases gamma-globin synthesis in a patient with beta+ thalassemia. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1469.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Charache S., Dover G., Smith K., Talbot C.C. Jr., Moyer M., Boyer S. Treatment of sickle cell anemia with 5-azacytidine results in increased fetal hemoglobin production and is associated with nonrandom hypomethylation of DNA around the gamma-delta-beta-globin gene complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 4842.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Ley T.J., DeSimone J., Noguchi C.T., Turner P.H., Schechter A.N., Heller P., Nienhuis A.W. 5-azacytidine increases gamma-globin synthesis and reduces the proportion of dense cells in patients with sickle cell anemia. Blood 1983; 62: 370.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Nienhuis A.W., Ley T.J., Humphries R.K., Young N.S., Dover G. Pharmacological manipulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in patients with severe beta thalassemia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1985; 445: 198.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Dover G.J., Humphries R.K. Pharmacological manipulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis. In: Experimental Approaches for the Study of Hemoglobin Switching. Stamatoyannopoulos, G., and Nienhuis, A.W. (eds.), New York, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985, pp. 447-54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Letvin N.L., Linch D.C., Beardsley G.P., Mcintyre K.W., Miller B.A., Nathan D.G. Influence of cell cycle phase-specific agnts on Simian fetal hemoglobin synthesis. J Clin Invest, 1985; 75: 1999.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Borgna-Pignatti C. Modern treatment of thalassaemia intermedia. Br J Haematol 2007; 138: 291-304.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Riggs A.D. 5-Methylcytosine, gene regulation, and cancer. Adv Can Res 1983; 40: 1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Santi D.V., Garrett C.E., Barr P.J. On the mechanism of inhibition of DNA-cytosine methyltransferases by cytosine analogs. Cell 1983; 33: 9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Cooper D.N. Eukaryotic DNA methylation. Hum Genet, 1983; 64: 315.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lowrey C.H., Nienhuis A.W. Treatment with azacytidine of patients with end-stage -thalassemia. N Engl J Med 1993; 334: 845-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Сметанина Н.С., Румянцева Ю.В., Кутлар А., Токарев Ю.Н. Гидроксимочевина в лечении серповидно-клеточной анемии. Гематология и трансфузиология, 2003; 2 (1): 22-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Loukopoulos D., Voskaridou E., Stamoulakatou A., Papassotiriou Y., Kalotychou V., Loutradi A., et al. Hydroxyurea therapy in thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 850: 120-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Hoppe C., Vichinsky E., Lewis B., Foote D., Styles L. Hydroxyurea and sodium phenylbutyrate therapy in thalassemia intermedia. Am J Hematol 1999; 62: 221-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>De Paula E.V., Lima C.S., Arruda V.R., Alberto F.L., Saad S.T., Costa F.F. Long-term hydroxyurea therapy in beta-thalassaemia patients. Eur J Haematol 2003; 70: 151-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Steinberg M.H., Rodgers G.P. Pharmacologic modulation of fetal hemoglobin. Medicine 2001; 80: 328-44.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Mancuso A., Maggio A., Renda D., Di Marzo R., Rigano P. Treatment with hydroxycarbamid for intermedia thalassemia: decrease of efficacy in some patients during log-term follow up. Bri J Haematol 2006; 133: 105-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Chim C.S., Kwong Y.L., Lie A.K., Ma S.K., Chan C.C., Wong L.G., et al. Long-term outcome of 231 patients with essential thrombocythemia: prognostic factors for thrombosis, bleeding, myelofibrosis, and leukemia. Arch Inter Med 2005; 165: 2651-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Wilson S. Acute leukemia in a patient with sickle cell anemia treated with hydroxyurea. Ann Inter Med 2000; 133: 925-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Amer J., Dana M., Fibach E. The antioxidant effect of erythropoietin on thalassemic blood cells. Anemia 2010; Art. ID 978710, p. 11.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Oliveri N.F., Freedman M.H., Perrine S.P., Dover G.J., Sheridan B., Essentine D.L., Nagel R.L. Trial of recombinant human erythropoietin: Three patient with thalassemia intermedia. Blood 1992; 80: 3258-60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Bourantas K., Economou G., Georgiou J. Administration of high doses of recombinant human erythropoietin to patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia: A preliminary trial. Eur J Haematol 1997; 58: 22-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Rachmilewitz E.A., Aker M. The role of recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 850: 134-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Nisli G., Kavakli K., Aydinok Y., Aydinok Y. Recombinant erythropoietin trial in children with transfusion-dependent homozygous beta-thalassemia. Acta Haematol 1997; 98: 199-203.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Makis A.C., Chaliasos N., Hatzimichael E.C., Bourantas K.L. Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in a transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia major patient. Ann Hematol 2001; 80: 492-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Rachmilewitz E.A., Aker M. The role of recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 850: 134-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гасанова А.Б., Алимирзоева З.Х., Мамедова Т.А., Асадов Ч.Д. Применение рекомбинантного эритропоэтина в лечении промежуточной формы -талас-семии. Гематологияитрансфузиология, 2012; т. 57 (прилож.), с. 41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гасанова А.Б., Алимирзоева З.Х., Мамедова Т.А., Асадов Ч.Д. Применение рекомбинантного эритропоэтина в лечении промежуточной формы -талас-семии. Гематологияитрансфузиология, 2012; т. 57 (прилож.), с. 41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perrine S.P., Miller B.A., Faller D.V. Sodium butyrate enhances fetal globin expression in erythroid progenitors of patients with HbSS and Thalassemia. Blood 1989; 74: 454-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perrine S.P., Miller B.A., Faller D.V. Sodium butyrate enhances fetal globin expression in erythroid progenitors of patients with HbSS and Thalassemia. Blood 1989; 74: 454-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Perrine S.P., Greene M.F., Falle D.V. Delay in fetal globin switch in infants of diabetic mothers. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 334-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perrine S.P., Rudolph A., Faller D.V., Faller D.V. Butyrate infusions in the ovine fetus delay the biologic clock for globin gene switching. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 8540-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perrine S.P., Rudolph A., Faller D.V., Faller D.V. Butyrate infusions in the ovine fetus delay the biologic clock for globin gene switching. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 8540-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Perrine S.P., Ginder G.D., Faller D.V., Dover G.H., Ikuta T., Witkowska H.E., et al. A short-term trial of butyrate to stimulate fetal-globin gene expression in the -globin disorders. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 81-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Sher G.D., Oliveri N.F. Rapid healing of chronic leg ulcers during arginine butyrate therapy in patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Blood 1994; 84: 2378-80.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Atweh G.F., Sutton M., Nassif I., Boosalis V., Dover G.J., Wallenstein S., et al. Sustained induction of fetal hemoglobin by pulse butyrate therapy in sickle cell disease. Blood 1999; 93: 1790-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Dover G.J., Brusilow S., Samid D. Increased fetal hemoglobin in patients receiving sodium 4-phenylbutyrate. N Engl Med 1992; 327: 43-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Chiu R.W., Lau T.K., Leung T.N., Chow K.C., Chui D.H., Lo Y.M. Prenatal exclusion of beta thalassemia major by examination of maternal plasma. Lancet 2002; 360: 998-1000.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Saiki R.K., Walsh P.S., Levenson C.H., Erlich H. Genetic analysis of amplified DNA with immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 6230-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Kawasaki E., Saiki R., Erlich H. Genetic analysis using polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA and immobilized oligonucleotide probes: Reverse dot blot typing. Methods Enzymol, 1993; 218: 369-81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Paulson R.F. Targeting a new regulator of erythropoiesis to alleviate anemia.Nat Med 2014; 20 (4): 334-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Suragani R.N., Cadena S.M., Cawley S.M., Sako D., Mitchell D., Li R., et al. Transforming growth factor-β superfamily ligand trap ACE-536 corrects anemia by promoting late-stage erythropoiesis. Nat Med 2014; 20 (4): 408-14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Cappellini M.D., Porter J., Origa R., Forni G.L., Laadem A., Galacteros F., et al. A Phase 2a, Open-Label, Dose-Finding Study To Determine The Safety and Tolerability Of Sotatercept (ACE-011) In Adults With Beta ()-Thalassemia: Interim Results. Blood 2013; 122: 3448.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Cao A., Galanello R. Effect of consanguinity on screening for thalassemia. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1200-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>El-Hazmi M.A., al-Momen A., Kandaswamy S., Huraib S., Harakati M., al-Mohareb F., Warsy A.S. On the use of hydroxyurea/erythropoietin combination therapy for sickle cell disease. Acta Heamatol 1995; 94 (3): 128-34.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">СазоноваА.И., ЕсаянР.М., КолегаеваО.И., ГардановаЖ.Р. Эффективность и безопасность применения препаратов метформина при беременности для лечения геста-ционного сахарного диабета: совре-менный взгляд на проблему. Сахарный диабет 2016; 19 (2): 164-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">СазоноваА.И., ЕсаянР.М., КолегаеваО.И., ГардановаЖ.Р. Эффективность и безопасность применения препаратов метформина при беременности для лечения геста-ционного сахарного диабета: совре-менный взгляд на проблему. Сахарный диабет 2016; 19 (2): 164-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Хижняк О. Метформин в профилактике метаболического синдрома у детей и взрослых /http://www.mif-ua.com/archive/article/2890</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>http://moikompas.ru/compas/foxo</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y., Weiss M., Sumazin P., Sheehan V.A. Metformin Induces FOXO3-Dependent Fetal Hemoglobin Production in Primary Erythroid Cells. Blood 2016; 128: 322.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02981329</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
