Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and ImmunopathologyPediatric Hematology/Oncology and ImmunopathologyВопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии1726-17082414-9314Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children22310.24287/1726-1708-2019-18-1-22-33ORIGINAL ARTICLESОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИClinical and electrophysiological characteristics of methotrexate encephalopathy in paediatric practiceКлинические и электрофизиологические аспекты метотрексатовой энцефалопатии в педиатрической практикеhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-473XKorshunovaE. A.КоршуноваЕ. А.
Russian Federation

Ekaterin A. Korshunova - MD, PhD, neurologist of Outpatient Consultative Unit.

117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela st., 1

Коршунова Екатерина Алексеевна - кандиждат медицинских наук, врач-невролог консультативного отделения.

117997, Москва, ГСП-7, ул. Саморы Машела, 1

ekaterina.korshynova@fccho-moscow.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5020-1180ZakharovaA. Yu.ЗахароваА. Ю.
Russian Federation

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-4113TikhomirovaE. A.ТихомироваЕ. А.
Russian Federation

Moscow

KhomyakovaS. P.ХомяковаС. П.
Russian Federation

Moscow

MerishavyanO. B.МеришавянО. Б.
Russian Federation

Moscow

MasikhinaS. N.МасихинаС. Н.
Russian Federation

Moscow

SerkovaI. V.СерковаИ. В.
Russian Federation

Moscow

Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России2104201918122332004201920042019Copyright ©; 2019, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»Copyright ©; 2019, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России2019«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава Россииhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/223

Methotrexate-induced subacute encephalopathy is one of the side effects of the aforementioned drug. The effect is characterized by certain neurological symptoms, presence of leukoencephalopathy on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and slow-wave activity shown on an electroencephalogram (EEG). The aim of this work is to determine the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of methotrexate-induced encephalopathy in paediatric patients with various types of cancer, as well as to compare the obtained data with researches and precedents presented in medical literature. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology. A retrospective analysis of treatment results was performed on 31 patients aged 1.5-17 who had subacute methotrexate-induced encephalopathy. Most patients (n = 26) have been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). According to the theurapeutic protocols, the patients received intravenous, intrathecal and intraventricular methotrexate treatment. The severity of methotrexate-induced encephalopathy was determined according to the NCI-CTCAE scale (version 4.0). All the patients underwent the EEG study. MRI was performed on 26 patients. Methotrexate-induced encephalopathy developed after 2-12 (on average 5.3 ± 3.1) days after methotrexate administration. Encephalopathy of grade I occurred in 35.45% of cases, of grade II - in 19.6%, of grade III and IV - in 25.8 and 19.4% of cases. 5 patients had symptoms recurred after therapy continuation. The most frequent neurological symptoms were: pathological level of sleepiness (50.1%), impaired consciousness (32.3%), cognitive impairment (25.8%), epileptic seizures (19.6%) and ataxia (19.6%). Regression of neurological symptoms occurred in 26 patients after 1-10 (on average 3.3 ± 2.2) days, 5 patients had persistent neurological deficit. The EEG pattern was represented by diffuse theta-wave activity (39%), theta-delta activity (42%), delta activity (6.5%), beta activity (3.0%), a decrease of alpha rhythm amplitude (6.5%), where no changes occurred for only 1 patient. Pathologic changes were seen on MRI in 84.6% of cases. The interdependence between the EEG changes, the time of debut and resolution of encephalopathy has been established. However, there has been no connection found between the severity of encephalopathy, the EEG pattern, the way of methotrexate administration, the age of the patients, the clearance of methotrexate and previous neurological disoders. The data obtained on the clinical picture and the time frame of methotrexate-induced encephalopathy initiation were similar to foreign ones. In different cases of patients with methotrexate-induced encephalopathy, EEG is not always represented as diffuse slow-wave theta-activity. The patients are recommended to undergo initial EEG in order for the electrophysiological studies on methotrexate encephalopathy to be assessed correctly. Further studies of the risk factors of methotrexate-induced encephalopathy are required.

Один из побочных эффектов метотрексата - подострая энцефалопатия, которая характеризуется рядом определенных неврологических симптомов, наличием лейкоэнцефалопатии, по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ), и медленноволновой активностью на электроэнцефалограмме (ЭЭГ). Цель работы - определение клинико-электрофизиологических характеристик метотрексатовой энцефалопатии у детей с различными типами опухолей, а также сопоставление полученных данных с литературными. Данное исследование поддержано Независимым этическим комитетом и утверждено решением Ученого совета НМИЦ ДГОИ. Проведен ретроспективный анализ результатов лечения 31 пациента в взрас-те от 1,5 до 17 лет с подострой метотрексатовой энцефалопатией. У большинства пациентов (n = 26) был диагностирован острый лимфобластный лейкоз. Согласно терапевтическим протоколам пациенты получали внутривенное, интратекальное и интравентрикулярное введение метотрексата. Степень тяжести метотрексатовой энцефалопатии опеределяли по шкале NCI-CTCAE, версия 4.0. ЭЭГ-исследования проводили всем; МРТ - 26 пациентам. Мето-трексатовая энцефалопатия развилась через 2-12 сут (в среднем 5,3 ± 3,2 сут) после введения метотрексата. Энцефалопатия 1-й степени тяжести имела место в 35,5% случаев; 2-й степени -в 19,4%; 3-й и 4-й степеней - в 25,8 и 19,4% случаев соответственно. Повторные симптомы при продолжении терапии развились у 5 пациентов. Наиболее частые неврологические симптомы: патологическая сонливость (50,1%), нарушение сознания (32,3%), когнитивные нарушения (25,8%), эпилептические приступы (19,6%) и атаксия (19,6%). Регресс неврологических симптомов наблюдался у 26 пациентов через 1-10 сут (в среднем 3,3 ± 2,2 сут); у 5 пациентов сохранялся стойкий неврологический дефицит. ЭЭГ-паттерн был представлен диффузной тета-активностью (39%), тета-дельта активностью (42%), дельта-активностью (6,5%), бета-активностью (3,0%), снижением амплитуды альфа-ритма (6,5%) и не был изменен у 1 пациента. По данным МРТ, в 84,6% случаев выявлены признаки лейкоэнцефалопатии. Установлена завсимость между изменениями на ЭЭГ, сроками дебюта и разрешения энцефалопатии. При этом между тяжестью энцефалопатии, ЭЭГ-картиной, способом введения метотрексата, возрастом пациента, клиренсом метотрексата и сопутствующей неврологической патологией связи не отмечено. Полученные нами результаты в целом сходны с зарубежными данными о клинической картине и сроках дебюта метотрексатовой энцефалопатии. У пациентов с метотрексатовой энцефалопатией ЭЭГ не всегда была представлена диффузной медленноволновой активностью тета-диапазона. Для корректной оценки результатов электрофизиологического исследования при метотрекса-товой энцефалопатии пациентам рекомендовано проведение инициального ЭЭГ-исследования. Требуется дальнейшее изучение факторов риска метотрексатовой энцефалопатии.

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