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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">345</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2020-19-2-112-120</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The use of checkpoint inhibitors in children with non-Hodgkin lymphomas</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование ингибиторов контрольных точек у детей с неходжкинскими лимфомами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4072-601X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Senior Research Associate, Associate Professor for Hematology, Transfusiology and Transpantation Chair,</p><p>Russia, 197022, Saint Petersburg, Lva Tolstogo st., 6–8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник, доцент кафедры гематологии, трансфузиологии и трансплантологии,</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8</p></bio><email>kozlovandrew1983@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3818-6213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazantsev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казанцев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-9182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yukhta</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юхта</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2296-0358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolkunova</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толкунова</surname><given-names>П. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2905-8209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gevorgyan</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Геворгян</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-050X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepik</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепик</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-4616</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zvyagintseva</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Звягинцева</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-8257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golenkova</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голенкова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shvetsov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Швецов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smykova</surname><given-names>O. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смыкова</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-5091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baykov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0445-8452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Punanov</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пунанов</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-485X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-7703</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubarovskaya</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубаровская</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1235-4530</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasyev</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьев</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">R.М. Gorbacheva Memorial Institute of Children Oncology, Haematology and Transplantation, I.P. Pavlov Saint-Petersburg First State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-07-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/345">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/345</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The majority of children with NHL can be cured with first-line therapy but 10–25% of affected patients develop relapsed or refractory disease (R-R). The prognosis in these cases is unfavorable, no matter what form of modern treatment is adopted. New approaches to the treatment of this small, yet important, group of patients need to be introduced, including, first and foremost, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. As is known, PD-L1 is frequently expressed in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), which means that the use of checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) is theoretically justified. Objectives: to analyze the results of treatment with checkpoint inhibitors Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab in children with R-R NHL. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee of the I.P. Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University. We used CPIs in 8 children with R-R NHL undergoing treatment at the R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation. The median age was 12 (2–17) years. The distribution of the patients by diagnosis was as follows: primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL, n = 3), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL, n = 2), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 1), lymphoblastic lymphoma (n = 2). The median number of prior lines of therapy was 3 (1–5), and all patients had received at least 1 line of standard treatment. Refractory NHL was observed in 5 cases, and 3 patients had had multiple relapses (≥ 3). All patients had progression of their primary disease at the time of prescription of the CPI therapy. Nivolumab was administered at a dose of either 1 mg/kg (n = 4) or 3 mg/kg (n = 3) every 2 weeks, Pembrolizumab - at a dose of 2 mg/kg once every 3 weeks (n = 1). The median number of CPI doses received by the patients was 5.5 (2–12). In 5 patients, CPIs were administered as monotherapy, in 3 – in combination with cytostatic agents: FLAG, Gemcitabine and intrathecal triples (n = 1), Brentuximab vedotin (n = 1) and Bendamustine (n = 1). The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated in accordance with the LYRIC criteria. Once remission was achieved, we used hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and/or radiotherapy for consolidation. Response to the CPI therapy was observed in 4 out of 8 patients (complete response – in 2 patients). Interestingly, only patients with PMBCL and PTCL responded to the treatment. At the median follow-up of 368 (36–879) days, 5 patients were alive, with three of them remaining in long-term remission. During the follow-up period, there was only 1 clinically significant complication (cytopenia) that resolved after treatment with glucocorticosteroids. Finally, we would like to point out that this paper is one of the first reports on the successful use of CPIs in children with R-R NHL. PMBCL and PTCL turned out to be responsive to the treatment. This therapy can be used to achieve remission or possibly even cure in children whose only option would be palliative care if they were treated with standard approaches.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Большая часть детей с НХЛ может быть излечена с помощью терапии 1-й линии, однако у 10– 25% пациентов отмечается рефрактерное или рецидивирующее течение (Р-Р). В этом случае прогноз становится неблагоприятным вне зависимости от дальнейшего современного лечения. В этой небольшой, но важной группе пациентов требуются новые подходы, в первую очередь, основанные на принципах таргетной терапии и иммунотерапии. Известно, что при неходжкинских лимфомах (НХЛ) часто наблюдается экспрессия PD-L1, а значит, применение ингибиторов контрольных точек (ИКТ) является теоретически обоснованным. Цель: провести анализ опыта использования ИКТ – ниволумаба и пембролизумаба у детей с Р-Р НХЛ. Исследование поддержано независимым этическим комитетом ПСПбГМУ им. И.П. Павлова. В НИИ ДОГиТ им. Р.М. Горбачевой ИКТ использовались у 8 детей с Р-Р НХЛ. Медиана возраста составила 12 (2–17) лет. Распределение по диагнозам было следующим: первичная медиастинальная В-крупноклеточная лимфома (ПМВККЛ, n = 3), периферическая Т-клеточная лимфома (ПТКЛ, n = 2), диффузная В-крупноклеточная лимфома (n = 1), лимфобластная лимфома (n = 2). Медиана предшествующих линий терапии составила 3 (1–5), при этом у всех пациентов до этого использовалась, как минимум, 1 стандартная линия терапии. НХЛ протекали рефрактерно в 5 случаях, множественные рецидивы (≥ 3) отмечались у 3 человек. Все пациенты на момент назначения терапии находились в прогрессировании основного заболевания. Ниволумаб использовался в дозе 1 мг/кг (n = 4) или 3 мг/кг (n = 3) каждые 2 нед, пембролизумаб – в дозе 2 мг/кг 1 раз в 3 нед (n = 1). Медиана введений ИКТ составила 5,5 (2–12). У 5 человек ИКТ использовались в монотерапии, у 3 – в комбинации с цитостатиками: FLAG, гемцитабин и интратекальные триплеты (n = 1), брентуксимаб ведотин (n = 1) и бендамустин (n = 1). Эффективность лечения оценивалась на основании критериев LYRIC. При достижении ремиссии использовалась консолидация с помощью трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток и/или лучевой терапии. При применении ИКТ ответ на терапию отмечался у 4 из 8 пациентов (полный ответ – у 2). Причем чувствительность к лечению была зарегистрирована только у пациентов с ПМВККЛ и ПТКЛ. При медиане наблюдения 368 (36–879) дней живы 5 человек, 3 остаются в длительной ремиссии. За время исследования зафиксировано только 1 клинически значимое осложнение (цитопения), которое разрешилось после назначения глюкокортикостероидов. В заключение стоит отметить, что в работе представлены одни из первых наблюдений по успешному использованию ИКТ у детей с Р-Р НХЛ. Чувствительными к проводимому лечению оказались ПМВККЛ и ПТКЛ. Данная терапия позволяет добиваться ремиссии и, возможно, излечения у детей, которые были кандидатами для проведения паллиативной терапии в соответствии со стандартными подходами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>checkpoint inhibitors</kwd><kwd>Nivolumab</kwd><kwd>Pembrolizumab</kwd><kwd>non-Hodgkin lymphomas</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ингибиторы контрольных точек</kwd><kwd>ниволумаб</kwd><kwd>пембролизумаб</kwd><kwd>неходжкинские лимфомы</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Minard-Colin V., Brugières L., Reiter A., Cairo M.S., Gross T.G., Woessmann W., et al. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents: Progress Through Effective Collaboration, Current Knowledge, and Challenges Ahead. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33 (27): 2963–74. 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