<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">398</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2020-19-3-158-163</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Noninvasive assessment of iron overload by magnetic resonance imaging</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неинвазивная диагностика перегрузки железом методом магнитно-резонансной томографии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0014-9345</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarova</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назарова</surname><given-names>Э. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>research assistant, radiologist of radiology department, </p><p>117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela st., 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь, врач-рентгенолог рентгенологического отделения,</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1 </p></bio><email>evelina.nazarova@fccho-moscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-896X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kupriyanov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куприянов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela st., 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-5734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novichkova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новичкова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela st., 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-7104</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tereshchenko</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терещенко</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela st., 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology Ministry of Healthcare Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Philips “Healthcare”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Philips «Здравоохранение»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-09-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>158</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/398">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/398</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The assessment of iron accumulation in the body is important for the diagnosis of iron overload syndrome or planning and monitoring of the chelation therapy. Excessive iron accumulation in the organs leads to their toxic damage and dysfunction. Until recently iron estimation was performed either directly by liver iron concentration and/or indirectly by measuring of serum ferritin level. However, noninvasive iron assessment by Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more accurate method unlike liver biopsy or serum ferritin level test. In this article, we demonstrate the outlines of non-invasive diagnostics of iron accumulation by MRI and its specifications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Оценка содержания железа в организме необходима для подтверждения диагноза перегрузки железом и коррекции хелаторной терапии у пациентов с трансфузионно-зависимыми формами анемии. Избыточное накопление железа в органах ведет к нарушению их функций. До недавнего времени количественную оценку железа проводили с помощью инвазивного определения его концентрации в паренхиме печени или косвенно оценивали избыточное содержание железа в организме пациента в целом по концентрации ферритина в сыворотке крови. Однако метод магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) показал большую эффективность в определении концентрации железа в организме. В данной статье рассматриваются основные методики и принципы неинвазивной оценки содержания железа методом МРТ, а также их технические характеристики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>magnetic resonance diagnostics</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance relaxometry</kwd><kwd>T2* mapping</kwd><kwd>iron overload</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>магнитно-резонансная диагностика</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная релаксометрия</kwd><kwd>Т2* -картирование</kwd><kwd>перегрузка железом</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Brittenham G.M., Badman D.G. Noninvasive measurement of iron: Report of an NIDDK workshop. Blood 2003; 101 (1): 15–9. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1723</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Hanson E.H., Imperatore G., Burke W. HFE gene and hereditary hemochromatosis: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154 (3): 193–206. DOI: 10.1093/aje/154.3.193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Siegelman E.S., Mitchell D.G., Rubin R., Hann H.W., Kaplan K.R., Steiner R.M., et al. Parenchymal versus reticuloendothelial iron overload in the liver: distinction with MR imaging. Radiology 1991; 179 (2): 361–6. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.179.2.2014275</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Kondur A.K., Li T., Vaitkevicius P., Afonso L. Quantification of myocardial iron overload by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging T2* and review of the literature. Clin Cardiol 2009; 32 (6): Е55–9. DOI: 10.1002/clc.20310</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Alustiza J.M., Artetxe J., Castiella A., Agirre C., Emparanza J.I., Otazua P., et al. MR quantification of hepatic iron concentration. Radiology 2004; 230 (2): 479–84. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2302020820</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Au W.-Y., Lam W.W.-M., Chu W., Tam S., Wong W.-K., Liang R., Ha S.-Y. A T2* magnetic resonance imaging study of pancreatic iron overload in thalassemia major. Haematologica 2008; 93 (1): 116–9. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.11768</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Wood J.C., Noetzl L., Hyderi A., Joukar M., Coates T., Mittelman S. Predicting pituitary iron and endocrine dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010; 1202: 123–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05545.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bacon B.R., Adams P.C., Kowdley K.V., Powell L.W., Tavill A.S. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2011; 54 (1): 328–43. DOI: 10.1002/hep.24330</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Villeneuve J.-P., Bilodeau M., Lepage R., Côté J., Lefebvre M. Variability in hepatic iron concentration measurement from needle-biopsy specimens. J Hepatol 1996; 25 (2): 172–7. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(96)80070-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Stark D.D., Bass N.M., Moss A.A., Bacon B.R., McKerrow J.H., Cann C.E., et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of experimentally induced liver disease. Radiology 1983; 148 (3): 743–51. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.148.3.6192464</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gomori J.M., Horev G., Tamary H., Zandback J., Kornreich L., Zaizov R., et al. Hepatic iron overload: quantitative MR imaging. Radiology 1991; 179 (2): 367–9. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.179.2.2014276</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Hernando D., Levin Y.S., Sirlin C.B., Reeder S.B. Quantification of liver iron with MRI: state of the art and remaining challenges. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 40 (5): 1003–21. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24584</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Rocchi E., Cassanelli M., Borghi A., Paolillo F., Pradelli M., Casalgrandi G., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and different levels of iron overload in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1993; 17 (6): 997–1002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson L.J., Holden S., Davis B., Prescott E., Charrier C.C., Bunce N.H., et al. Cardiovascular T2-star (T2* ) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur Heart J 2001; 22 (23): 2171–9. DOI: 10.1053/euhj.2001.2822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>St Pierre T.G., Clark P.R., Chua-Anusorn W. Single spin-echo proton transverse relaxometry of iron loaded liver. NMR Biomed 2004; 17 (7): 446–58. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.905</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Gandon Y., Olivie D., Guyader D., Aube C., Oberti F., Sebille V., et al. Non-invasive assessment of hepatic iron stores by MRI. Lancet 2004; 363 (9406): 357–62. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15436-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Wood J.C., Enriquez C., Ghugre N., Tyzka J.M., Carson S., Nelson M.D., et al. MRI R2 and R2* mapping accurately estimates hepatic iron concentration in transfusion-dependent thalassemia and sickle cell disease patients. Blood 2005; 106 (4): 1460–5. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3982</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Cario H., Grosse R., Janssen G., Jarisch A., Meerpohl J., Strauss G. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of secondary iron overload in patients with congenital anemia. Klin Padiatr 2010; 222 (6): 399–406. DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1265178</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Akhan O., Akpinar E., Karcaaltincaba M., Haliloglu M., Akata D., Karaosmanoglu A.D., et al. Imaging findings of liver involvement of Wilson’s disease. Eur j radiol 2009; 69 (1): 147–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.09.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Chavhan G.B., Babyn P.S., Thomas B., Shroff M.M., Haacke E.M. Principles, techniques, and applications of T2* -based MR imaging and its special applications. Radiographics 2009; 29 (5): 1433–49. DOI: 10.1148/rg.295095034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Argyropoulou M.I., Astrakas L. MRI evaluation of tissue iron burden in patients with b-thalassaemia major. Pediatr Radiol 2007; 37 (12): 1191–200. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-007-0567-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Labranche R., Gilbert G., Cerny M., Vu K.-N., Soulières D., Olivié D., et al. Liver iron quantification with MR imaging: a primer for radiologists. Radiographics 2018; 38 (2): 392–412. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170079</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hernandez R.J., Sarnaik S.A., Lande I., Aisen A.M., Glazer G.M., Chenevert T., et al. MR evaluation of liver iron overload. J comput assis tomogr 1988; 12 (1): 91–4. DOI: 10.1097/00004728-198801000-00017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Paisant A., Boulic A., Bardou-Jacquet E., Bannier E., D’assignies G., Lainé F., et al. Assessment of liver iron overload by 3T MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42 (6): 1713–20. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1077-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Carneiro A.A.O., Vilela G.R., De Araujo D.B., Baffa O. MRI relaxometry: methods and applications. Braz J Phys 2006; 36 (1A): 9–15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Serai S.D., Fleck R.J., Quinn C.T., Zhang B., Podberesky D.J. Retrospective comparison of gradient recalled echo R2* and spin-echo R2 magnetic resonance analysis methods for estimating liver iron content in children and adolescents. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45 (11): 1629–34. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3378-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ринкк П.А. Магнитный резонанс в медицине: основной учебник Европейского форума по магнитному резонансу. М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД; 2003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Назарова Э.Э., Терещенко Г.В., Абакумов М.А., Сманцер В.А., Куприянов Д.А., Сметанина Н.С. Методика проведения Т2* -картирования печени у пациентов с вторичной перегрузкой железом. Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии 2017; 16 (3): 23–7. DOI: 10.24287/1726-1708-2017-16-3-23-27</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Wood J.C. Guidelines for quantifying iron overload. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2014; 2014 (1): 210–5. DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.210</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Назарова Э.Э., Терещенко Г.В., Куприянов Д.А., Сметанина Н.С., Новичкова Г.А.. 1,5Т или 3Т – что выбрать на первом этапе оценки перегрузки железом печени у детей? Российский электронный журнал лучевой диагностики 2020; 10 (1): 124–32. DOI: 10.21569/2222-7415-2020-10-1-124-132</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Krafft A.J., Loeffler R.B., Song R., Tipirneni-Sajja A., McCarville M.B., Robson M.D., et al. Quantitative ultrashort echo time imaging for assessment of massive iron overload at 1.5 and 3 Tesla. Mag Reson Med 2017; 78 (5): 1839–51. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26592</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Telfer P.T., Prestcott E., Holden S., Walker M., Hoffbrand A.V., Wonke B. Hepatic iron concentration combined with long-term monitoring of serum ferritin to predict complications of iron overload in thalassaemia major. Br J Haematol 2000; 110 (4): 971–7. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02298.x</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
