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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">619</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2022-21-2-78-88</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The first results of genetic screening and exploration of genotype-phenotype correlations in retinoblastoma patients from Belarus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Первые результаты проведения генетического скрининга и изучения генотип-фенотипических корреляций у пациентов с ретинобластомой из Беларуси</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9696-3949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guryanova</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурьянова</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina E. Guryanova, senior researcher</p><p>Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Research</p><p>223053</p><p> 43 Frunzenskaya St.</p><p>Minsk District</p><p>Borovlyany</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Евгеньевна Гурьянова, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>лаборатория молекулярно-генетических исследований</p><p>223053</p><p>ул. Фрунзенская, 43</p><p>Минский район</p><p>д. Боровляны</p><p>Минск</p></bio><email>guryanovairina85@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Liubushkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Любушкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-324X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarevich</surname><given-names>O. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаревич</surname><given-names>О. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinova</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвинова</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vertеlko</surname><given-names>V. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вертёлко</surname><given-names>В. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2474-0575</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valochnik</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волочник</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-6622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полякова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Migas</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мигас</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0592-7182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konoplya</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конопля</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belarusian Research Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский научно-практический центр детской онкологии, гематологии и иммунологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belarusian State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Белорусский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N. N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский научно-практический центр онкологии и медицинской радиологии им. Н. Н. Александрова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/619">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/619</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Retinoblastoma is an aggressive eye tumor originating from maturing cone precursors in the developing retina and most commonly seen in childhood. In 98 % of patients, retinoblastoma is caused by bi-allelic inactivation of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Approximately 40 % of disorders in the RB1 gene are germline.</p><p><bold>   This study aimed</bold> to analyze the frequency of germline RB1 variants in a cohort of Belarusian patients with retinoblastoma and to correlate the variants with clinical phenotypes. The study was approved by an Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Belarusian Research Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology. The study included 20 patients from unrelated families (9 patients with unilateral retinoblastoma, 11 – with bilateral). Two out of eleven patients with bilateral retinoblastoma had a positive family history. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Using polymerase chain reaction, we obtained fragments including sequences of all exons, regions of splice sites and promoter regions of the RB1 gene. Nucleotide sequences of the obtained amplicons were detected by next-generation sequencing. All clinically significant variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to detect gross alterations. A genetic analysis of blood relatives was carried out for five probands with detected germline variants. We identified 13 different variants in 14 patients: 38.5 % (n = 5) of them were defects in splice sites; 15.4 % (n = 2) – missense mutations; 15.4 % (n = 2) – small deletions (frameshift); 23% (n = 3) – large deletions; 7.7% (n = 1) – nonsense mutations. Four of these variants had not been previously reported in patients with retinoblastoma from other populations (exon 3: c.350_351delTT, p. Phe117TyrfsTer2; exon 8: c.861+2T&gt;G; exon 24: c.2520+4A&gt;G; Del of exons 16, 17). Germline mutations were detected in 33.3 % (3/9) of patients with unilateral retinoblastoma and in 100% (11/11) of patients with bilateral disease. A genetic screening of relatives showed that three variants were de novo, and two variants were inherited from parents in families with a positive history of retinoblastoma. Here we reported the first results of genetic examination of Belarusian patients with retinoblastoma. Seventy-eight point six per cent (78.6 %) of variants were detected by sequencing, 21.4 % were identified with the help of the MLPA and FISH methods. Among sporadic cases, germline RB1 variants were detected in 66.6 % (12/18) of cases. A full range of screening techniques is required to achieve high sensitivity of detection in retinoblastoma patients. Our study also provides new evidence that will inform patient management and genetic counseling.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>   Ретинобластома – это агрессивное онкологическое заболевание глаза, происходящее из клеток-предшественников фоторецепторов сетчатки, наиболее часто дебютирующее в детском возрасте. У 98 % пациентов ретинобластома инициируется биаллельной инактивацией гена RB1, играющего важную роль в регуляции клеточного цикла и поддержании стабильности генома. Около 40 % нарушений в гене RB1 являются герминальными.</p><p><bold>   Цель</bold> – провести анализ частоты герминальных нарушений гена RB1 и их связи с клиническим фенотипом в группе белорусских пациентов с ретинобластомой. Данное исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетом и утверждено решением ученого совета ГУ «Республиканский научно-практический центр детской онкологии, гематологии и иммунологии» (Республика Беларусь). В исследование включены 20 пациентов из неродственных семей (9 – с монолатеральной ретинобластомой, 11 – с билатеральной). У 2 из 11 пациентов с билатеральной ретинобластомой отмечен семейный анамнез заболевания. Геномную ДНК выделяли из суспензии лейкоцитов периферической крови. С полученной ДНК ставили серию полимеразных цепных реакций для амплификации фрагментов, включающих последовательности всех экзонов, регионы сплайс-сайтов и промоторные области. Детектирование нуклеотидных последовательностей полученных ампликонов выполняли методом высокопроизводительного секвенирования. Наличие клинически значимых нарушений подтверждали методом автоматического секвенирования по Сэнгеру. Крупные поломки определяли методом мультиплексной пробазависимой лигазной реакции (MLPA) или флуоресцентной гибридизации in situ (FISH). При выявлении нарушения у пробанда выполняли генетическое исследование его кровным родственникам (обследованы 5 семей). У 14 пациентов выявлено 13 различных генетических нарушений, 4 из которых ранее не были идентифицированы у пациентов с ретинобластомой среди других популяций (экзон 3: c.350_351delTT, p.Phe117TyrfsTer2; экзон 8: c.861+2T&gt;G; экзон 24: c.2520+4A&gt;G; делеция экзонов 16, 17). Все нарушения детектированы в гетерозиготном состоянии. В зависимости от типа генетические нарушения распределились следующим образом: 38,5 % (n = 5) дефектов в сплайс-сайтах; 15,4 % (n = 2) миссенс; 15,4 % (n = 2) небольших делеций, приводящих к сдвигу рамки считывания; 23% (n = 3) крупных делеций; 7,7 % (n = 1) нонсенс. Герминальные нарушения определены в 33,3 % (3/9) случаев с монолатеральной ретинобластомой и в 100 % (11/11) – с билатеральной. У 10 % пациентов определен наследственный характер ретинобластомы. При обследовании 5 семей у 3 пробандов выявленные нарушения определены как de novo. В статье представлены первые данные, полученные при генетическом исследовании белорусских пациентов с ретинобластомой. Методом секвенирования детектированы 78,6 % нарушений, тогда как методами MLPA и FISH – 21,4 %, что демонстрирует необходимость применения комплексного подхода. Среди спорадических нарушений в 66,6 % (12/18) случаев была затронута герминальная линия, что подчеркивает важность использования генетического тестирования при диагностике и клиническом мониторинге пациентов с ретинобластомой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>retinoblastoma</kwd><kwd>RB1 gene</kwd><kwd>germinal disorders</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic diagnosis</kwd><kwd>hereditary retinoblastoma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ретинобластома</kwd><kwd>ген RB1</kwd><kwd>герминальные нарушения</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетическая диагностика</kwd><kwd>наследственная ретинобластома</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Not specified</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Не указан</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Liu J., Ottaviani D., Sefta M. 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