Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology

Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии

1726-17082414-9314

Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children

722

10.24287/1726-1708-2023-22-2-32-43

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ

An analysis of the efficacy of graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis with post-transplant cyclophosphamide in children with acute myeloid leukemia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from HLA-matched and partially-matched unrelated donors

Анализ эффективности профилактики реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» на основе посттрансплантационного циклофосфамида у детей с острым миелоидным лейкозом после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток от полностью и частично HLA-совместимых неродственных доноров

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-5529

Borovkova

A. S.

Боровкова

А. С.

Russian Federation

Anastasiya S. Borovkova, oncologist

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

197022

6/8 Leo Tolstoy St.

Saint Petersburg

Анастасия Святославовна Боровкова, врач-онколог

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

197022

ул. Льва Толстого, 6/8

Санкт-Петербург

bonastasya@mail.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-4326

Paina

O. V.

Паина

О. В.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-0207

Kozhokar

P. V.

Кожокарь

П. В.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3386-0942

Rakhmanova

Zh. Z.

Рахманова

Ж. З.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7629-4293

Osipova

A. A.

Осипова

А. А.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-0704

Tsvetkova

L. A.

Цветкова

Л. А.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4456-2369

Bykova

T. A.

Быкова

Т. А.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6007-3899

Slesarchuk

O. A.

Слесарчук

О. А.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4332-0114

Moiseev

I. S.

Моисеев

И. С.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-9225

Semenova

E. V.

Семенова

Е. В.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-4136

Kulagin

A. D.

Кулагин

А. Д.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-7703

Zubarovskaya

L. S.

Зубаровская

Л. С.

Russian Federation

R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation

Saint Petersburg

Научно-исследовательский институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой

Санкт-Петербург

I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России

08072023

222

32433003202322052023

2025

«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»

ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/722

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the second most common type of leukemia in children and accounts for up to 20 % of all leukemias. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective, and sometimes the only therapeutic option in high-risk patients with AML. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allo-HSCT and the main cause of transplant-related mortality. GVHD prophylaxis in children includes calcineurin inhibitors, either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressants, which can lead to grade II–IV acute GVHD in 40–85 % of cases. Alternatively, GVHD can be prevented with high-dose cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg/day) administered on days +3, +4 after allo-HSCT, either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs depending on HLA compatibility of the donor.

The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes after allo-HSCT from an unrelated donor with GVHD prophylaxis with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTC) in children in their first and second remission of AML in comparison with a historical control group.

We retrospectively analyzed patient outcomes after 53 first-time allo-HSCTs from HLA-matched (n = 40) and partially-matched (8–9/10) (n = 13) unrelated donors performed in pediatric patients (aged 0 to 18 years) in their 1^st or 2^nd remission of AML at the R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation from 2008 to 2018. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. Our group of interest included 26 patients preventively treated for GVHD with 50 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide on days +3 and +4 in combination with calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporin A – 2 (7.7 %) patients, tacrolimus – 24 (92.3 %) patients), the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus (5 (19.2 %) patients) or mycophenolate mofetil (21 (80.8 %) patients). The historical control group was made up of 27 patients whose GVHD prophylaxis was based on antithymocyte globulin used in combination with calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus – 5 (18.5 %) patients, cyclosporin A – 21 (77.8 %) patients) or the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus (1 (3.7 %) patients) or methotrexate (25 (92.6 %) patients), or mycophenolate mofetil (2 (7.4 %) patients). The groups were matched for diagnosis, age, disease status before allo-HSCT, the matched-to-partially-matched donor ratio, the source of hematopoietic stem cells and conditioning regimen intensity (myeloablative conditioning regimen (MAC) or reduced intensity conditioning regimen (RIC)). The median age at the time of allo-HSCT was 8.6 (0.97–18) years in the PTC group and 6.55 (1.42–17.76) years in the historical control group. In the PTC group, 21 (80.8 %) patients were diagnosed with primary AML and 5 (19.2 %) – with secondary AML, while the historical control group included 22 (81.5 %) and 5 (18.5 %) patients with primary and secondary AML respectively. Disease status at the time of allo-HSCT: 21 (80.8 %) patients treated with PTC were in the 1^st complete clinical and hematologic remission (CCHR) and 5 (19.2 %) – in the 2^nd CCHR; among the controls, there were 19 (70.4 %) cases of the 1^st CCHR and 8 (29.6 %) cases of the 2^nd CCHR. In the PTC group, 18 (69.2 %) patients underwent allo-HSCT from 10/10 fully HLA gene-matched donors and 8 (30.8 %) – from 9/10 HLA-matched donors. In the historical control group, 19 (70.4 %) patients had allo-HSCT from 10/10 fully HLA gene-matched donors, 4 (14.8 %) – from 9/10 matched donors, and 1 (3.7 %) – from an 8/10 matched donor. In the PTC group, MAC was used in 14 (53.8 %) patients, RIC – in 12 (46.2 %) patients. In the control group, MAC and RIC were used in 14 (51.9 %) and 13 (48.1 %) patients respectively. In the group treated with PTC, hematopoietic stem cells were derived from the bone marrow in 14 (53.8 %) patients, from the peripheral blood – in 12 (46.2 %) patients. In the historical group, bone marrow was used in 13 (48.1 %) patients and peripheral blood - in 14 patients (51.9 %). The median graft cellularity (CD34+ × 10⁶/kg) in the PTC group was 4.60 (1.7–10.9) × 10⁶/kg, in the historical group – 6.60 (1.0–13.2) × 10⁶/kg. The overall and relapse-free 5-year survival rates were higher in the PTC group than in the historical control group: 83.3 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 60.9–93.5) vs 59.3 % (95 % CI 38.6–75.0), p = 0.0327 and 76.9 % (95 % CI 55.7–88.9) vs 48.1 % (95 % CI 28.7–65.2), respectively, p = 0.0198. The cumulative incidence of grade II–IV acute GVHD and grade III–IV acute GVHD by day +125 and of moderate and severe chronic GVHD, and the 2-year transplant-related mortality were significantly lower in the PTC group compared to the controls: 15.4 % (95 % CI 4.8–31.5) vs 51.8 % (95 % CI 31,9–68.5), p = 0.004; 7.7 % (95 % CI 1.3–21.7) vs 33.3 (95 % CI 16.8–50.9), p = 0.026; 23.4 % (95 % CI 9.5-41.0) vs 58.6 % (95 % CI 33.8–76.8), p = 0.022; 3.8 % (95 % CI 0.3–16.4) vs 25.9 % (95 % CI 11.5–43.1), p = 0.0232, respectively. GVHD-related mortality was higher in the historical control group than in the PTC group (3.8 % vs 18.5 %, p = 0.192). Thus, PTC-based GVHD prophylaxis was shown to be more effective in managing acute and chronic GVHD compared to antithymocyte globulin, with better overall, relapse-free and GVHD-free relapse-free survival rates and low transplant-related mortality.

Острый миелоидный лейкоз (ОМЛ) является вторым по распространенности вариантом лейкоза у детей и составляет до 20 % всех лейкозов. Аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГСК) – эффективная и порой единственная терапевтическая опция у пациентов с ОМЛ группы высокого риска. Развитие реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» (РТПХ) является ключевым осложнением алло-ТГСК, а также основной причиной летальности в посттрансплантационном периоде. К стандартным подходам профилактики РТПХ у детей относится использование ингибиторов кальциневрина как отдельно, так и в комбинации с другими иммуносупрессивными препаратами, что может приводить к развитию острой РТПХ II–IV степени (40–85 %). Альтернативным подходом к профилактике РТПХ является применение высоких доз циклофосфамида (50 мг/кг/сут) на дни +3, +4 после алло-ТГСК как в монорежиме, так и в комбинации с другими иммуносупрессивными препаратами в зависимости от степени HLA-совместимости донора.

Цель данного исследования – оценить результаты алло-ТГСК от неродственного донора с профилактикой РТПХ с использованием посттрансплантационного циклофосфамида (ПТЦф) у детей в 1-й и 2-й ремиссии ОМЛ в сравнении с группой исторического контроля.

Данное исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетом и утверждено решением ученого совета ФГБОУ ВО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России. Проведен ретроспективный анализ результатов 53 впервые выполненных алло-ТГСК от HLA-совместимых (n = 40) или частично совместимых (8–9/10) (n = 13) неродственных доноров пациентам детского возраста (от 0 до 18 лет) в 1-й или 2-й ремиссии ОМЛ в НИИ ДОГиТ им. Р. М. Горбачевой с 2008 по 2018 г. Данное исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетом и утверждено решением ученого совета ФГБОУ ВО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России. В исследуемую группу включены 26 пациентов, получивших в качестве профилактики РТПХ циклофосфамид в дозе 50 мг/кг на дни +3 и +4 в комбинации с ингибиторами кальциневрина (циклоспорин А – 2 (7,7 %), такролимус – 24 (92,3 %)), mTOR-ингибитором сиролимус – 5 (19,2 %) или микофенолата мофетилом – 21 (80,8 %). В группу исторического контроля включены 27 пациентов, получивших режим профилактики на основе антитимоцитарного глобулина в комбинации с ингибиторами кальциневрина (такролимус – 5 (18,5 %), циклоспорин А – 21 (77,8 %)) или mTOR-ингибитором сиролимус – 1 (3,7 %) и метотрексатом – 25 (92,6 %) или микофенолата мофетилом – 2 (7,4 %). Группы сопоставимы по диагнозу, возрасту, статусу заболевания перед алло-ТГСК, соотношению полностью и частично совместимых доноров, источнику гемопоэтических стволовых клеток, интенсивности режимов кондиционирования (миелоаблативный режим кондиционирования (МАК) и режим кондиционирования со сниженной интенсивностью доз (РИК)). Медиана возраста на момент алло-ТГСК в группе с ПТЦф составила 8,6 (0,97–18) года, в группе исторического контроля – 6,55 (1,42–17,76) года. В группе с ПТЦф диагноз первичного ОМЛ установлен у 21 (80,8 %) пациента, вторичного ОМЛ – у 5 (19,2 %), в группе исторического контроля – у 22 (81,5 %) и 5 (18,5 %) пациентов соответственно. Статус заболевания на момент алло-ТГСК в группе с ПТЦф: 1-я полная клинико-гематологическая ремиссия (ПКГР) – 21 (80,8 %) пациент, 2-я ПКГР – 5 (19,2 %), в группе исторического контроля – 19 (70,4 %) и 8 (29,6 %) пациентов соответственно. В группе с ПТЦф представлены пациенты, которым была выполнена алло-ТГСК от полностью совместимого по HLA-генам донора: 10/10 у 18 (69,2 %) пациентов и 9/10 у 8 (30,8 %). В группе исторического контроля алло-ТГСК выполнена от полностью совместимого по HLA-генам донора: 10/10 у 19 (70,4 %), 9/10 у 4 (14,8 %), 8/10 у 1 (3,7 %) пациента. В группе с ПТЦф МАК использовался у 14 (53,8 %) пациентов, РИК – у 12 (46,2 %), в группе исторического контроля – у 14 (51,9 %) и 13 (48,1 %) пациентов соответственно. В группе с ПТЦф источником гемопоэтических стволовыхклеток был костный мозг – у 14 (53,8 %) пациентов, периферические стволовые клетки – у 12 (46,2 %), в группе исторического контроля – у 13 (48,1 %) и 14 (51,9 %) пациентов соответственно. Медиана клеточности трансплантата (CD34+ × 10⁶/кг) в группе с ПТЦф составила 4,60 (1,7–10,9) × 10⁶/кг, в группе исторического контроля – 6,60 (1,0–13,2) × 10⁶/кг. Общая и безрецидивная 5-летняя выживаемость были выше в группе ПТЦф – 83,3 % (95 % доверительный интервал (ДИ) 60,9–93,5) vs 59,3 % (95 % ДИ 38,6–75,0) в группе исторического контроля, p = 0,0327 и 76,9 % (95 % ДИ 55,7–88,9) vs 48,1 % (95 % ДИ 28,7–65,20) соответственно, p = 0,0198. Кумулятивная частота острой РТПХ II–IV степени, III–IV степени ко дню + 25, среднетяжелой и тяжелой хронической РТПХ, 2-летней трансплантационной летальности были значимо ниже в группе ПТЦф: 15,4 % (95 % ДИ 4,8–31,5) vs 51,8 % (95 % ДИ 31,9–68,5), p = 0,004; 7,7 % (95 ДИ % 1,3–21,7) vs 33,3 (95 % ДИ 16,8–50,9), p = 0,026; 23,4% (95 % ДИ 9,5–41,0) vs 58,6 % (95 % ДИ 33,8–76,8), p = 0,022; 3,8 % (95 % ДИ 0,3–16,4) vs 25,9 % (95 % ДИ 11,5–43,1), р = 0,0232 соответственно. Летальность, связанная с осложнениями РТПХ, была выше в группе исторического контроля (3,8 % vs 18,5 %, p = 0,192). Таким образом, в исследовании было показано, что профилактика РТПХ на основе ПТЦф в сравнении с антитимоцитарным глобулином обеспечивает лучший контроль острой и хронической РТПХ, имеет преимущества в общей и безрецидивной выживаемости, а также выживаемости, свободной от рецидива и РТПХ, демонстрирует низкую трансплантационную летальность.

acute myeloid leukemiaallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantationgraft-versus-host diseasepost- transplant cyclophosphamidechildren

острый миелоидный лейкозаллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клетокреакция «трансплантат против хозяина»посттрансплантационный циклофосфамиддети

Not specified

Не указано

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