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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">723</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2023-22-2-44-53</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The prognostic value of HLA loss of heterozygosity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with relapsed acute leukemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прогностическое значение потери гетерозиготности HLA после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток при развитии рецидива острого лейкоза у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-0704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsvetkova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цветкова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov A. Tsvetkova, hematologist</p><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Department № 1</p><p>197022</p><p>Leo Tolstoy St. 6/8</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любовь Александровна Цветкова, врач-гематолог</p><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>отделение трансплантации костного мозга для детей № 1</p><p>197022</p><p>ул. Льва Толстого, 6/8</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>tsvetluibov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-421X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evdokimov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евдокимов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-3652</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barkhatov</surname><given-names>I. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бархатов</surname><given-names>И. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-4326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8168-6811</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Epifanovskaya</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Епифановская</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3367-4936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Babenko</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабенко</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5455-860X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3386-0942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhmanova</surname><given-names>Zh. Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахманова</surname><given-names>Ж. З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-0207</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhokar</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожокарь</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1143-4851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7629-4293</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0526-3064</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabenko</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябенко</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8205-0094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-3311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gindina</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гиндина</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-9225</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-4136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulagin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулагин</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-7703</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubarovskaya</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубаровская</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>R. M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-23"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/723">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/723</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The loss of a patient-specific HLA haplotype on the surface of the blast cell population is one of the ways a tumor can evade the immune surveillance of donor cells. This phenomenon is observed in approximately 30 % of relapses in patients with hematologic malignancies who underwent partially mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this study, for the first time, a large cohort of pediatric patients (n = 80) with relapsed acute myeloid (AML) or acute lymphoblastic (ALL) leukemia after allogeneic HSCT was analyzed with the help of the STR method (highlypolymorphic microsatellite marker analysis) using 6 HLA haplotype markers. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was observed in 18 / 80 (22 %) relapsed patients with various types of acute leukemia: out of these, 8 / 44 (18 %) patients had B-cell ALL, 4 / 10 (40 %) patients – T-cell ALL and 6 / 25 (24 %) patients – AML. All relapses with LOH were observed in patients who had undergone haploidentical HSCT, and were found to occur later than relapses without loss of the HLA haplotype (median time to relapse: 8.8 months vs 6.2 months, p = 0.043). In the patients treated with haploidentical HSCT (n = 61), we assessed factors increasing the risk of LOH at relapse. The number of previous therapy lines in the patients with AML (n = 17) and acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease in the patients with ALL (n = 44) were associated with an increasedrisk of genetic loss of the HLA haplotype (p = 0.008 and p = 0.015 respectively). A relapse following the second allogeneic HSCT was associated with LOH in 4 / 5 (80 %) patients, p = 0.008. The prognosis of the patients with LOH was extremely poor. At a median follow-up of 6 months, the overall survival from relapse was 22 % in the LOH group and 37 % in the non-LOH group. The median overall survival was 4.5 months (95 % confidence interval 3–NA) and 10.3 months (95 % confidence interval 5.7–16.1) respectively, p = 0.063. Among the patients with LOH, the best survival rates were observed in those who had undergone a repeat allogeneic HSCT from a different donor. Thus, the analysis of LOH is an important tool for determining the prognosis and further treatment in pediatric patients with acute leukemias. We strongly recommend that this diagnostic test should be included into standard testing of patients after partially-mismatched allogeneic HSCT.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>   Потеря пациент-специфичного HLA-гаплотипа на поверхности бластной популяции является одним из способов «ускользания» опухоли из-под иммунного надзора донорских клеток. Данный феномен наблюдается примерно в 30 % случаев рецидивов онкогематологических заболеваний после частично несовместимой аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ТГСК). В данном исследовании впервые проанализирована большая когорта педиатрических пациентов (n = 80) с рецидивами острого миелоидного (ОМЛ) и острого лимфобластного (ОЛЛ) лейкозов после аллогенной ТГСК с помощью метода STR (анализ высокополиморфных микросателлитных маркеров) по 6 маркерам HLA-гаплотипа. Исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетом и утверждено решением ученого совета ФГБОУ ВО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России. Потеря гетерозиготности в рецидиве наблюдалась у 18 / 80 (22 %) пациентов с различными вариантами острых лейкозов: у 8 / 44 (18 %) пациентов с В-клеточным ОЛЛ, у 4/10 (40 %) – с Т-клеточным ОЛЛ, у 6 / 25 (24 %) – с ОМЛ. Все случаи рецидивов с потерей HLA-гаплотипа были обнаружены у пациентов поcле гаплоидентичной ТГСК и развивались позднее, чем рецидивы без потери HLA-гаплотипа (медиана 8,8 мес против 6,2 мес, p = 0,043). Среди пациентов, получивших гаплоидентичную ТГСК (n = 61), был проведен анализ факторов, влияющих на риск потери HLA-гаплотипа в рецидиве заболевания. Факторами, ассоциированными с повышенным риском генетической потери HLA-гаплотипа, стали: в группе пациентов с ОМЛ (n = 17) – количество линий предшествующей терапии, в группе пациентов с ОЛЛ (n = 44) – наличие острой и хронической реакции «трансплантат против хозяина», p = 0,008 и p = 0,015 соответственно. Рецидив после повторной аллогенной ТГСК у 4 / 5 (80 %) пациентов был ассоциирован с потерей HLA-гаплотипа, p = 0,008. Прогноз пациентов с потерей HLA-гаплотипа был крайне неблагоприятным. Общая выживаемость от момента рецидива при медиане наблюдения 6 мес составила 22 % в группе с потерей HLA-гаплотипа и 37 % в группе без потери HLA-гаплотипа. Медиана общей выживаемости – 4,5 мес (95 % доверительный интервал 3–NA) и 10,3 мес (95 % доверительный интервал 5,7–16,1) соответственно, p = 0,063. Наилучшую выживаемость среди пациентов с потерей гаплотипа имели дети, прошедшие повторную аллогенную ТГСК со сменой донора. Таким образом, потеря HLA-гаплотипа в педиатрической когорте пациентов с острыми лейкозами имеет большое значение для определения прогноза и дальнейшей терапевтической стратегии при рецидиве заболевания, что требует введения данного тестирования в стандартное обследование пациентов после частично несовместимой аллогенной ТГСК.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>acute leukemia</kwd><kwd>relapse</kwd><kwd>HLA loss</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гаплоидентичная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>острый лейкоз</kwd><kwd>рецидив</kwd><kwd>потеря HLA</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation No. 22-15-00491 (https://rscf.ru/project/22-15-00491/)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда №22-15-00491 (https://rscf.ru/project/22-15-00491/)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. 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