<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">785</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2024-23-1-119-126</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fecal cytokine profile in preterm infants in the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis: pilot study results</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокиновый профиль кала недоношенных новорожденных в диагностике некротизирующего энтероколита: результаты пилотного исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2058-1864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosterina</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костерина</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina E. Kosterina, an anesthesiologist-intensivist</p><p>Institute of Neonatology and Pediatrics; A.G. Antonov Intensive Care Unit</p><p>117997; 4 Akademika Oparina St.; Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Евгеньевна Костерина, врач-анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p><p>Институт неонатологии и педиатрии; отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии им. проф. А.Г. Антонова</p><p>117997; ул. Академика Опарина, 4; Москва</p></bio><email>kosterinka@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-0770</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balashova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балашова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Николаевна Балашова, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>кафедра неонатологии; Институт неонатологии и педиатрии; отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии им. проф. А.Г. Антонова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>katbal99@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-2702</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnyi</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красный</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Михайлович Красный, кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией</p><p>лаборатория цитологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>alexred@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-8157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirtbaya</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киртбая</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Ревазиевна Киртбая, доктор медицинских наук, заведующий по клинической работе, доцент</p><p>Институт неонатологии и педиатрии; отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии им. проф. А.Г. Антонова; кафедра неонатологии; Клинический институт детского здоровья им. Н.Ф. Филатова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>a_kirtbaya@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-8909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudakova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудакова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алеся Анатольевна Рудакова, научный сотрудник, врач-анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p><p>отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии новорожденных им. А.Г. Антонова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>mdrudakovaalesya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4726-7477</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadekova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садекова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алсу Амировна Садекова, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, ассистент</p><p>медицинский институт; кафедра биологии и общей генетики; Институт трансляционной медицины; лаборатория клеточных технологий</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>sadekovaaa4@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8406-3206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vtorushina</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вторушина</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валентина Валентиновна Вторушина, кандидат медицинских наук, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики</p><p>лаборатория клинической иммунологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>v_vtorushina@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-3476</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krechetova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кречетова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любовь Валентиновна Кречетова, доктор медицинских наук, заведующая лабораторией</p><p>лаборатория клинической иммунологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>k_l_v_@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-133X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ionov</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ионов</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олег Вадимович Ионов, доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделением, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>Институт неонатологии и педиатрии; отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии им. проф. Антонова А.Г.;  Клинический институт детского здоровья им. Н.Ф. Филатова; кафедра неонатологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>o_ionov@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after the Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (the Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine of the Patrice Lumumba Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт молекулярной и клеточной медицины ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Moscow Region</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Научно-исследовательский клинический институт детства Министерства здравоохранения Московской области»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-04-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>119</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-01-11"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/785">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/785</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   In this study, we sought to determine fecal cytokine levels in very preterm newborns at the onset of non-specific clinical symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and decreased gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after the Academician V. I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. Each patient’s parents gave their informed consent to their child’s participation in the study. The study was conducted at the National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after the Academician V. I. Kulakov over the period from June 2020 to December 2022. Fecal samples from preterm neonates with gestational age ≤ 32 weeks treated at the A.G. Antonov ICU were collected daily over their first 14 days of life. Samples from 46 newborns were selected for analysis: fecal samples collected on the day of an enteral feeding intolerance episode and fecal samples from controls who had not developed non-specific clinical symptoms of NEC or decreased GI motility, collected on the day when enteral intake reached 100 ml/kg/day. Based on the results of NEC and decreased GI motility diagnosis, stool samples were retrospectively divided into 3 groups: an NEC group (n = 8), a decreased GI motility group (n = 14) and a control group (n = 24). In the fecal samples of the very preterm newborns with NEC stage ≥ II, there was a significant increase in IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a levels at the onset of initial symptoms of the disease. At the same time, the cytokine profile of the feces of the decreased GI motility patients did not differ significantly from the control group in any of the parameters. In cases of NEC, high IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-a levels were detected in the patients’ stool at the onset of enteral feeding intolerance, suggesting that the method under investigation (aimed at determining the pro- and anti-inflammatory profile of fecal cytokines) may be a promising new tool for differentiating NEC from decreased GI motility in very preterm newborns.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>   Цель исследования:</bold> определить уровень фекальных цитокинов у глубоко недоношенных новорожденных при развитии неспецифичных клинических проявлений некротизирующего энтероколита (НЭК) и дискинезии желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ).</p><p>   Исследование одобрено этическим комитетом и утверждено решением ученого совета ФГБУ «НМИЦ АГП им. акад. В. И. Кулакова» Минздрава России. Информированное согласие об участии в исследовании было получено от родителей всех пациентов. Исследование проведено на базе ФГБУ «НМИЦ АГП им. акад. В. И. Кулакова» Минздрава России в период с июня 2020 г. по декабрь 2022 г. Образцы кала недоношенных новорожденных гестационного возраста 32 недели и менее, проходивших лечение в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии им. проф. А. Г. Антонова, собирались ежедневно на протяжении первых 14 дней жизни. Для анализа были выбраны образцы от 46 новорожденных: образцы кала в день возникновения эпизода интолерантности к энтеральной нагрузке и контрольные образцы кала новорожденных, не развивших неспецифичные клинические проявления НЭК и дискинезии ЖКТ, соответствующие дню достижения объема энтерального питания 100 мл/кг/сут. Ретроспективно по результатам диагностики НЭК и дискинезии ЖКТ образцы кала были разделены на 3 группы: группа НЭК (n = 8), группа дискинезии ЖКТ (n = 14) и группа контроля (n = 24). В образцах кала глубоко недоношенных новорожденных с НЭК II стадии и выше в день возникновения начальных симптомов заболевания отмечается значимое повышение уровней IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a. При этом цитокиновый профиль кала новорожденных из группы дискинезии ЖКТ достоверно не отличался от группы контроля ни по одному показателю. При развитии НЭК на стадии возникновения интолерантности к энтеральному питанию в кале выявляются высокие уровни IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 и TNF-a, что может свидетельствовать о перспективности метода определения про- и противовоспалительного профиля цитокинов кала в дифференциальной диагностике НЭК и дискинезии ЖКТ у глубоко недоношенных новорожденных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>preterm newborn</kwd><kwd>enteral feeding</kwd><kwd>premature newborns</kwd><kwd>very low birth weight</kwd><kwd>extremely low birth weight</kwd><kwd>necrotizing enterocolitis</kwd><kwd>fecal cytokines</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>недоношенный новорожденный</kwd><kwd>энтеральное питание</kwd><kwd>очень низкая масса тела</kwd><kwd>экстремально низкая масса тела</kwd><kwd>некротизирующий энтероколит</kwd><kwd>фекальные цитокины</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of a state assignment, R&amp;D registration number: 121040600433-6 “Improving approaches to enteral nutrition in very premature infants” children"</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания, регистрационный номер НИОКТР: 121040600433-6 «Совершенствование подходов к энтеральному питанию глубоко недоношенных детей»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fitzgibbons S.C., Ching Y., Yu D., Carpenter J., Kenny M., Weldon C., et al. Mortality of necrotizing enterocolitis expressed by birth weight categories. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44 (6): 1072–5: discussion 1075–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>MohanKumar K., Namachivayam K., Ho T.T.B., Torres B.A., Ohls R.K., Maheshwari A. Cytokines and growth factors in the developing intestine and during necrotizing enterocolitis. Vol. 41, Seminars in Perinatology. W.B. Saunders; 2017. Рp. 52–60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lodha A., Howlett A., Ahmed T., Moore A.M. The Role of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Circulating Cytokines in Differentiating between Feeding Intolerance and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants. Am J Perinatol 2017; 34 (13): 1286–92. DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603329</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Benkoe T.M., Mechtler T.P., Weninger M., Pones M., Rebhandl W., Kasper D.C. Serum levels of interleukin-8 and gut-associated biomarkers in diagnosing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49 (10): 1446–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.03.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Martin C.R., Bellomy M., Allred E.N., Fichorova R.N., Leviton A. Systemic inflammation associated with severe intestinal injury in extremely low gestational age newborns. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2013; 32 (3): 222–34. DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2012.721477</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Seo Y.-mi, Lin Y.K., Im S.A., Sung I.K., Youn Y.A. Interleukin 8 may predict surgical necrotizing enterocolitis in infants born less than 1500 g. Cytokine 2021; 137: 155–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155343</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Wisgrill L., Weinhandl A., Unterasinger L., Amann G., Oehler R., Metzelder M.L., et al. Interleukin-6 serum levels predict surgical intervention in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54 (3): 449–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.08.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Duffy L.C., Zielezny M.A., Carrion V., Griffiths E., Dryja D., Hilty M., et al. Concordance of bacterial cultures with endotoxin and interleukin-6 in necrotizing enterocolitis. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42 (2): 359–65. DOI: 10.1023/a:1018826204819</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Gómez M., Moles L., Espinosa-Martos I., Bustos G., de Vos W.M., Fernández L., et al. Bacteriological and Immunological Profiling of Meconium and Fecal Samples from Preterm Infants: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2017; 9 (12): 1293. DOI: 10.3390/nu9121293</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Lemme-Dumit J.M., Song Y., Lwin H.W., Hernandez-Chavez C., Sundararajan S., Viscardi R.M., et al. Altered Gut Microbiome and Fecal Immune Phenotype in Early Preterm Infants With Leaky Gut. Front Immunol 2022; 13: 815046. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815046</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Richter M., Topf H.G., Gröschl M., Fröhlich T., Tzschoppe A., Wenzl T.G., Köhler H. Influence of gestational age, cesarean section, and type of feeding on fecal human b-defensin 2 and tumor necrosis factor-a. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51 (1): 103–5. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181cd26f9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Indrio F., Riezzo G., Tafuri S., Ficarella M., Carlucci B., Bisceglia M., et al. Probiotic supplementation in preterm: Feeding intolerance and hospital cost. Nutrients 2017; 9 (9): 965. DOI: 10.3390/nu9090965</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Balachandran B., Dutta S., Singh R., Prasad R., Kumar P. Bovine colostrum in prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. J Trop Pediatr 2017; 63 (1): 10–7. DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmw029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Zenner C., Chalklen L., Adjei H., Dalby M.J., Mitra S., Cornwell E., et al. Noninvasive Fecal Cytokine and Microbiota Profiles Predict Commencement of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in a Proof-of-Concept Study. Gastro Hep Adv 2023; 2 (5): 666–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2023.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorofeyeva E.I., Podurovskaya Yu.L., Burov A.A., Ryumina I.I., Narogan M.V., Grosheva E.V., et al. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn (project of clinical practice guidelines). Neonatology: News, Opinions, Training 2014; 2 (4): 84–92. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дорофеева Е.И., Подуровская Ю.Л., Буров А.А., Рюмина И.И., Нароган М.В., Грошева Е.В. и др. Диагностика и консервативное лечение новорожденных с некротизирующим энтероколитом (проект клинических рекомендаций). Неонатология: Новости. Мнения. Обучение 2014; 2 (4): 84–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Walsh M.C., Kliegman R.M. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Treatment based on staging criteria. Pediatr Clin North Am 1986; 33 (1): 179–201. DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34975-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>van Belkum M., Mendoza Alvarez L., Neu J. Preterm neonatal immunology at the intestinal interface. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 26 (7):1209–27. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03316-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Westerbeek E.A.M., Mørch E., Lafeber H.N., Fetter W.P.F., Twisk J.W.R., van Elburg R.M. Effect of Neutral and Acidic Oligosaccharides on Fecal IL-8 and Fecal Calprotectin in Preterm Infants. 2011. [Electronic resource] URL: www.controlled-trials.com (accessed 02. 02. 2024).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Harris M.C., D’Angio C.T., Gallagher P.R., Kaufman D., Evans J., Kilpatrick L. Cytokine elaboration in critically ill infants with bacterial sepsis, necrotizing entercolitis, or sepsis syndrome: Correlation with clinical parameters of inflammation and mortality. J Pediatri 2005; 147 (4): 462–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.04.037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ebach D.R., Newberry R., Stenson W.F. Differential Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors in TNBS Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11 (6): 533–40. DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000163698.34592.30</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Tatiya-Aphiradee N., Chatuphonprasert W., Jarukamjorn K. Immune response and inflammatory pathway of ulcerative colitis. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 30 (1): 1–10. DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Duess J.W., Sampah M.E., Lopez C.M., Tsuboi K., Scheese D.J., Sodhi C.P., Hackam D.J. Necrotizing enterocolitis, gut microbes, and sepsis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15 (1): 2221470. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2221470</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Pott J., Kabat A.M., Maloy K.J. Intestinal Epithelial Cell Autophagy Is Required to Protect against TNF-Induced Apoptosis during Chronic Colitis in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23 (2): 191–202.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Baregamian N., Song J., Bailey C.E., Papaconstantinou J., Evers B.M., Chung D.H. Tumor Necrosis Factor-a and Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 Control Reactive Oxygen Species Release, Mitochondrial Autophagy and C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase/P38 Phosphorylation During Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2009; 2 (5): 297–306. DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.5.9541</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Hui L., Dai Y., Guo Z., Zhang J., Zheng F., Bian X., et al. Immunoregulation effects of different gdT cells and toll-like receptor signaling pathways in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96 (8): e6077. Doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006077</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Friedrich M., Pohin M., Powrie F. Cytokine Networks in the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Immunity 2019; 50 (4): 992–1006. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Gareb B., Otten A.T., Frijlink H.W., Dijkstra G., Kosterink J.G.W. Review: Local Tumor Necrosis Factor-a Inhibition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12 (6): 539. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060539</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Tayman C., Aydemir S., Yakut I., Serkant U., Ciftci A., Arslan E., Koç O. TNF-a Blockade Efficiently Reduced Severe Intestinal Damage in Necrotizing Enterocolitis. J Invest Surg 2016; 29 (4): 209–17. DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2015.1127449</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Emami C.N., Chokshi N., Wang J., Hunter C., Guner Y., Goth K., et al. Role of interleukin-10 in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Surg 2012; 203 (4): 428–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.08.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Konnikova Y., Zaman M.M., Makda M., D’Onofrio D., Freedman S.D., Martin C.R. Late enteral feedings are associated with intestinal inflammation and adverse neonatal outcomes. PLoS One 2015; 10 (7): e0132924. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132924</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
