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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">875</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2024-23-2-208-220</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Aplastic anemia in children: the current concept of differential diagnosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Апластическая анемия у детей: современная концепция дифференциальной диагностики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-5395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goronkova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горонкова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Olga V. Goronkova</bold>, a hematologist, a researcher at the Department of Bone Marrow Depression, Myeloid Leukemia, Rare and Hereditary Diseases </p><p><italic>1 Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997, Russia</italic></p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Горонкова Ольга Владимировна</bold>, врач-гематолог, научный сотрудник отдела депрессий кроветворения, миелоидных лейкозов, редких и наследственных болезней </p><p><italic>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1</italic></p><p> </p></bio><email>goronkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3974-5662</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7634-2053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Raykina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Райкина</surname><given-names>Е. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>208</fpage><lpage>220</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-23"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/875">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/875</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article presents a brief overview of publications on pediatric aplastic anemia (AA) and closely related conditions. Here we consider the pathophysiology of AA, which includes three main mechanisms of bone marrow destruction resulting in aplasia: direct injury, immune mediated destruction and bone marrow failure resulting from inherited and clonal disorders. New aspects of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, inborn errors of immunity and myelodysplastic syndromes are highlighted as the most common conditions included in the spectrum of differential diagnosis of AA in children. A comprehensive algorithm for the diagnosis of AA in children is presented, including standard laboratory tests and additional modern molecular and genetic techniques that contribute to a better understanding of this heterogeneous group of diseases and determine approaches to the choice of therapy. The purpose of the review is to provide pediatricians and pediatric hematologists with an updated information of this rare, heterogeneous condition based on an analysis of the latest literature data.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлен краткий обзор публикаций, посвященных апластической анемии (АА) у детей и тесно связанных с ней состояний. Рассмотрена патофизиология АА, включающая 3 основных механизма деструкции костного мозга, приводящих к аплазии: прямое повреждение, опосредованная иммунными клетками деструкция и недостаточность костного мозга, возникшая в результате наследственных и клональных нарушений. Освещены новые аспекты, касающиеся врожденных синдромов костномозговой недостаточности, врожденных дефектов иммунитета и миелодиспластических синдромов как наиболее частых состояний, входящих в круг дифференциальной диагностики АА у детей. Представлен комплексный алгоритм диагностики АА, включающий стандартные лабораторные тесты и дополнительные современные молекулярно-генетические методы исследования, способствующие лучшему пониманию этой гетерогенной группы заболеваний и определяющие подходы к выбору тактики терапии. Цель обзора: предоставить врачам – педиатрам и детским гематологам обновленную информацию об этом редком гетерогенном заболевании на основании анализа последних данных литературы. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>aplastic anemia</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>апластическая анемия</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено при поддержке фонда «Наука – детям».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Miano M., Dufour C. The diagnosis and treatment of aplastic anemia: a review. Inter J Hematol 2015; 101 (6): 527–35.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Young N.S. Aplastic anaemia. 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