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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">881</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.881</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XSQWLX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of somatic mosaicism in the development of tumors in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль соматического мозаицизма в развитии опухолей у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3046-1495</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salomatina</surname><given-names>Anastasiya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саломатина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>pediatric oncologist at the Outpatient Clinic, a research technician at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-детский онколог консультативного отделения, лаборант-исследователь лаборатории молекулярной биологии</p></bio><email>anastasiya.salomatina@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-8622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druy</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Друй</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiya.salomatina@dgoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>164</fpage><lpage>170</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-06"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/881">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/881</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Somatic mosaicism is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of a mutation arising in a somatic cell at one of the stages of ontogenesis. A mosaic mutation is not present in all cells, but may be found in unchanged cells of various body tissues and determine the development of tumors in corresponding locations. The phenomenon of somatic mosaicism makes it possible to explain some of the unresolved sporadic cases of neoplasm development in children. Taking into account the absence of a mutation in every cell of the body, the diagnosis of mosaic syndromes can be difficult, but it has important clinical significance. Based on the patient's tumor type and phenotypic characteristics, it is important to determine the most preferred method of molecular genetic diagnosis, which will most likely identify a mosaic mutation and help explain the etiology of tumor development. However, mutations that have developed during somatic mosaicism are not always detectable using a single molecular study, and in some cases additional methods are required. A negative result does not mean that there is no mosaic mutation in the patient, since it is possible that the sample may not have contained cells with a genetic variant, or the method used may not have been suitable. The identification of pathogenic mutations in some mosaic syndromes will contribute to the modification of specific treatment, in some cases will allow the initiation of molecular targeted therapy, as well as justify the need to comply with surveillance protocols.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Соматический мозаицизм – явление, возникающее вследствие появления мутации в соматической клетке на одном из этапов онтогенеза. Мозаичная мутация не присутствует во всех клетках, но находится в неизмененных клетках различных тканей организма и может определять развитие опухолей соответствующих локализаций. Явление соматического мозаицизма позволяет объяснить часть неразрешенных спорадических случаев развития новообразований у детей. Принимая во внимание отсутствие мутации в каждой клетке организма, диагностика мозаичных синдромов может оказаться затруднительной, однако имеет важное клиническое значение. На основании типа опухоли пациента, ее фенотипических особенностей важно определить наиболее предпочтительный метод молекулярно-генетической диагностики, который с большей вероятностью позволит выявить мозаичную мутацию и помочь объяснить этиологию развития новообразования. Однако не всегда мутации, развившиеся в ходе соматического мозаицизма, удается диагностировать при помощи одного молекулярного исследования, в ряде случаев требуются дополнительные методы. Отрицательный результат не означает отсутствие мозаичной мутации у пациента, так как, возможно, образец не содержал клеток с генетическим вариантом либо используемый метод исследования не подходит. Выявление патогенных мутаций при некоторых мозаичных синдромах будет способствовать модификации специфического лечения, в ряде случаев позволит инициировать молекулярно-направленную терапию, а также обосновать необходимость соблюдения протоколов наблюдения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mosaicism</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>tumor predisposition syndromes</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>embryonal tumors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мозаицизм</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>синдромы предрасположенности к опухолям</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>эмбриональные опухоли</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Muyas F., Zapata L., Guigó R., Ossowski S. The rate and spectrum of mosaic mutations during embryogenesis revealed by RNA sequencing of 49 tissues. Genome Med 2020; 12 (1): 49. 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