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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">893</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2024-23-3-14-23</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Low-grade gliomas of the brainstem in children: stratification into risk groups and the assessment of the effectiveness of targeted therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Глиомы низкой степени злокачественности ствола головного мозга у детей: стратификация на группы риска и оценка эффективности таргетной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7750-5216</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Papusha</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Папуша</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ludmila I. Papusha - Cand. Med. Sci., a pediatric oncologist, Head of the Department of Optimization of CNS Tumor Therapy and the Department of Neuro-Oncology.</p><p>1 Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Папуша Людмила Ивановна канд. мед. наук, врач-детский онколог, заведующая отделом оптимизации терапии опухолей центральной нервной системы и отделением нейроонкологии.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1</p></bio><email>ludmila.mur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-8622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druy</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Друй</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9846-2793</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salnikova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сальникова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-5928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merishavyan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меришавян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5893-0508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sanakoeva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Санакоева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0628-1726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Artemov</surname><given-names>А. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артемов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0899-5957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasich</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касич</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6296-4305</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vilesova</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вилесова</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8049-1908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Flegontov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Флегонтов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8562-8945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Protsvetkina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Процветкина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-6157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nechesnyuk</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нечеснюк</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1261-2963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gornostaev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горностаев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2057-2036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pshonkin</surname><given-names>А. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пшонкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tyumen</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тюмень</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kazan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Казань</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Doronina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Доронина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Murmansk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мурманск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kumykova</surname><given-names>Zh. Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кумыкова</surname><given-names>Ж. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nalchik</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нальчик</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-6246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhonin</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махонин</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ufa</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Уфа</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mushinskaya</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мушинская</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Perm</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пермь</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poberezhnaya</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Побережная</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kaluga</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калуга</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4071-5468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezyazychnaya</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безъязычная</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karachunskiy</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карачунский</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-5734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novichkova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новичкова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ ТО «Областная клиническая больница №1»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children's Republican Clinical Hospital of Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГАУЗ «Детская республиканская клиническая больница» Минздрава Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Murmansk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГОБУЗ «Мурманская областная детская клиническая больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Children's Clinical Multidisciplinary Center of Ministry of Healthcare of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Республиканский детский клинический многопрофильный центр» Минздрава Кабардино-Балкарской Республики</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Children's Clinical Hospital of Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Bashkortostan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Республиканская детская клиническая больница» Минздрава Республики Башкортостан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional Children's Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ ПК «Краевая детская клиническая больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff8"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kaluga Regional Clinical Children's Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ КО «Калужская областная клиническая детская больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff9"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.P. Napalkov Saint Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Санкт-Петербургский клинический научно-практический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи (онкологический) им. Н.П. Напалкова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-13"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-13"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/893">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/893</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Low-grade gliomas (LGG) of the brainstem remain a therapeutic challenge due to the impossibility of radical tumor resection and unsatisfactory results of standard treatment. We aimed to analyse clinical molecular genetic characteristics of patients with LGG of the brainstem and the results of standard treatment according to the SIOP-LGG protocol as well as targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. The study included 59 patients with sporadic (non-neurofibromatosis type I) LGG of the brainstem. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. The patients' legal representatives gave their informed consent to the use of the patients' data for research purposes and in publications. The 8-year overall survival rates were 68% (47–96%) and the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 38% (26–57%). The medulla oblongata was the most common tumor site (n = 25; 40%), in 21 (35.5%) cases, the tumor spread to the adjacent structures of the brainstem and brain. Radical resection of the tumor was performed in 14 patients, subtotal resection – in 15 patients, partial resection – in 14, and 16 patients underwent biopsy. In most cases, the histological type of the tumor was pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 49; 83%). The KIAA1549::BRAF chimeric transcript was detected in the majority of patients (n = 33; 56%). The BRAFV600E mutation was found in 12 (22%) patients, the H3K27M mutation – in 4 (7%) patients. Twelve patients received chemotherapy according to the SIOP-LGG protocol (carboplatin + vincristine). The 2-year PFS rates were 44% (22–87%). Local radiotherapy was performed in 12 patients. The 2-year PFS rates were 44% (22–87%). Targeted therapy with the MEK inhibitor (trametinib) was prescribed to 13 patients, combination therapy with the BRAF and MEK inhibitors – to 9 patients, and one patient was prescribed BRAF inhibitor (vemurafenib) monotherapy. The 2-year PFS in the patients treated with first-line targeted therapy was 88% (67–100%). The most common adverse event of targeted therapy was skin toxicity (70%). A multivariate analysis revealed that the prognostically significant factors influencing PFS were the extent of resection and a molecular genetic driver: biopsy and partial resection of the tumor, as well as the presence of the BRAFV600E and H3K27M mutations demonstrated an independent negative prognostic value.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Глиомы низкой степени злокачественности (ГНСЗ) ствола головного мозга продолжают оставаться сложной терапевтической задачей в связи с невозможностью радикального удаления опухоли и неудовлетворительными результатами стандартной терапии. Целью нашей работы был анализ клинических и молекулярно-генетических характеристик у пациентов с ГНСЗ ствола головного мозга и результатов стандартной терапии по протоколу SIOPLGG, а также таргетной терапии BRAFи MEK-ингибиторами. В исследование включены 59 пациентов со спорадическими (вне нейрофиброматоза I типа) ГНСЗ ствола головного мозга. Исследование одобрено независимым этическим комитетом и утверждено решением ученого совета НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева. Законные представители пациентов подписали информированное добровольное согласие на использование информации в научных исследованиях и публикациях. Показатели 8-летней общей выживаемости составили 68% (47–96%), 5-летней выживаемости без прогрессии (ВБП) – 38% (26–57%). Основной локализацией опухоли был продолговатый мозг (n = 25; 40%), в 21 (35,5%) случае опухоль распространялась на соседние структуры ствола и головного мозга. Радикальное удаление опухоли было выполнено 14 пациентам, субтотальное – 15, частичная резекция – 14, биопсия – 16. Основным гистологическим вариантом опухоли была пилоидная астроцитома (n = 49; 83%). У большинства пациентов выявлен химерный транскрипт KIAA1549::BRAF (n = 33; 56%). Мутация BRAFV600E идентифицирована у 12 (22%) пациентов, H3K27M – у 4 (7%). Химиотерапию по протоколу SIOP-LGG (карбоплатин + винкристин) получили 12 пациентов. Показатели 2-летней ВБП составили 44% (22–87%). Локальная лучевая терапия проводилась 12 пациентам. Показатели 2-летней ВБП составили 44% (22–87%). Таргетная терапия MEKингибитором (траметиниб) была назначена 13 пациентам, комбинированная терапия BRAFи MEK-ингибиторами – 9, монотерапия BRAF-ингибитором (вемурафениб) – 1. Двухлетняя ВБП на фоне таргетной терапии в первой линии составила 88% (67–100%). Основным нежелательным явлением таргетной терапии была кожная токсичность (70%). При проведении многофакторного анализа прогностически значимыми факторами, влияющими на ВБП, оказались радикальность удаления и молекулярно-генетический драйвер: биопсия и частичное удаление опухоли, а также наличие мутаций BRAFV600E и H3K27M продемонстрировали независимое негативное прогностическое значение.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>low-grade gliomas</kwd><kwd>brainstem</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic markers</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глиомы низкой степени злокачественности</kwd><kwd>ствол головного мозга</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетические маркеры</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Не указан</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Armstrong G.T., Conklin H.M., Huang S., Srivastava D., Sanford R., Ellison D.W., et al. 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