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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">921</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2024-23-4-62-70</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Diagnosis of type 2B von Willebrand disease in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности диагностики болезни Виллебранда 2B типа у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-5821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovina</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головина</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Elena M. Golovina</bold>, a research technician at the Laboratory of Hemostasis Disorders at the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation; a hematologist at the Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology with Chemotherapy at Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</p><p><italic>339 Rifle Division St. 14, Rostov-on-Don 344015</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Головина Елена Михайловна</bold>, лаборант-исследователь лаборатории патологии гемостаза ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России; врач-гематолог отделения детской онкологии и гематологии с химиотерапией ГБУ РО «Областная детская клиническая больница»</p><p><italic>344015, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 339-й Стрелковой дивизии, 14 </italic></p></bio><email>golovinhelen@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-2099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poletaev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полетаев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-3863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Seregina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серёгина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4567-1871</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2057-2036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pshonkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пшонкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4384-6754</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharkov</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарко</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУ РО «Областная детская клиническая больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Theoretical Problems of Physical and Chemical Pharmacology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН Центр теоретических проблем физико-химической фармакологии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/921">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/921</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Even though von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a common bleeding disorder, it comprises some rare types as well. Type 2B vWD is usually diagnosed in 3-5% of all vWD cases. The important diagnostic markers of this disease subtype include thrombocytopenia, decreased von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity, increased low-dose ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, and identification of mutations in exon 28 of the <italic>vWF </italic>gene. The purpose of this study was to highlight challenges associated with the differential diagnosis of vWD as well as to demonstrate heterogeneous clinical and laboratory signs of type 2B vWD. Here, we retrospectively analyzed all the cases of type 2B vWD diagnosed at the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology. For the analysis, we used de-identified data collected during routine clinical care and hence did not need an approval from the Local Ethics Committee. All the patients had undergone medical history assessment and laboratory investigations and had been evaluated for bleeding disorders using the Pediatric Bleeding Questionnaire. Type 2B vWD was diagnosed based on the following criteria: bleeding symptoms, thrombocytopenia, significantly decreased vWF ristocetin-cofactor activity, normal or decreased vWF antigen levels, ristocetin-cofactor activity/vWF antigen ratio &lt; 0.7; increased low-dose ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Type 2B vWD was diagnosed in 7 patients. Out of these, 5 had bleeding symptoms and 2 had a family history of vWD. All the children had been diagnosed with thrombocytopenia during their first year of life. Five patients had been initially diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia, with one girl having a family history of vWD. All the patients with diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia had been treated with intravenous immunoglobulins, and one child had also undergone treatment with corticosteroids. Three patients had had to be admitted to hospital for major bleeding before they were diagnosed with vWD. All the patients had the typical laboratory phenotype, and five out of them demonstrated decreased vWF collagen-binding activity. In two patients with positive family history, the diagnosis was genetically verified, with both of them harboring mutations in exons 20 and 28 of the <italic>vWF </italic>gene. Our findings are consistent with the literature suggesting how challenging differential diagnosis of this vWD type is. Still, a low-dose ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation test along with other laboratory investigations can be used to effectively identify the type 2B vWD phenotype. In Russia, factor replacement therapy remains the primary treatment option for patients with any type of vWD.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на то, что болезнь Виллебранда (БВ) является распространенной коагулопатией, некоторые ее типы встречаются достаточно редко. Например, 2В тип регистрируется в 3–5% всех случаев БВ. Важными диагностическими маркерами данного типа являются тромбоцитопения, снижение активности фактора Виллебранда (vWF), повышение агрегации тромбоцитов с низкими дозами ристомицина и выявление мутаций в экзоне 28 гена <italic>vWF</italic>. Цель работы: продемонстрировать сложность дифференциальной диагностики и гетерогенность клинических и лабораторных проявлений БВ 2В типа. В ретроспективный анализ включили всех детей с диагнозом БВ 2В типа, установленным в НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева. Для анализа использовались деперсонифицированные данные, полученные в ходе рутинной клинической практики, поэтому одобрения локального этического комитета не требовалось. У всех пациентов проводилась оценка данных анамнеза, степени кровоточивости по шкале Pediatric Bleeding Questionnaire, выполнялось необходимое лабораторное обследование. Диагноз БВ 2В типа устанавливался на основании следующих критериев: наличие симптомов кровоточивости, тромбоцитопения, выраженное снижение ристомицин-кофакторной активности vWF, нормальное или умеренно пониженное значение антигена vWF, соотношение ристомицин-кофакторной активности и антигена vWF &lt; 0,7, повышение агрегации тромбоцитов с низкими дозами ристомицина. Диагноз БВ 2В типа был установлен 7 детям. У 5 из них имелись жалобы на кровоточивость, еще у 2 был отягощен семейный анамнез по БВ. У всех детей на первом году жизни была выявлена тромбоцитопения. Диагноз иммунная тромбоцитопения первично был установлен в 5 случаях, из них 1 пациентка имела отягощенный семейный анамнез по БВ. Все пациенты с установленным диагнозом иммунной тромбоцитопении получили курсы внутривенных иммуноглобулинов, кроме того, 1 ребенок – курсы глюкокортикостероидов. Значимые кровотечения, потребовавшие госпитализации в стационар до постановки диагноза БВ, отмечались у 3 пациентов. Характерный лабораторный фенотип имели все пациенты, кроме того, в 5 случаях отмечалось снижение коллагенсвязывающей способности vWF. Двум пациентам с отягощенным семейным анамнезом диагноз был подтвержден генетически. В обоих случаях были выявлены мутации, как в экзоне 20, так и в экзоне 28 гена <italic>vWF</italic>. Полученные результаты согласуются с данными литературы о трудности дифференциальной диагностики данного типа БВ. Исследование агрегации тромбоцитов с низкими дозами ристомицина в совокупности с данными других лабораторных исследований позволяет эффективно дифференцировать лабораторный фенотип БВ 2В типа. Главной терапевтической опцией для пациентов со всеми типами БВ в нашей стране по-прежнему является заместительная факторная терапия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 2B von Willebrand disease</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>bleeding disorders</kwd><kwd>thrombocytopenia</kwd><kwd>immune thrombocytopenia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Виллебранда 2B типа</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>коагулопатия</kwd><kwd>тромбоцитопения</kwd><kwd>иммунная тромбоцитопения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Capdevila X., Castex A., Amiral J., et al. Preoperative screening for von Willebrand disease type 1: low yield and limited ability to predict bleeding. J Lab Clin Med 1999; 134 (6): 605–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90100-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Werner E.J., Broxson E.H., Tucker E.L., Giroux D.S., Shults J., Abshire T.C. 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