<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">962</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/j.962</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PRLXWD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in pediatric oncology practice: a clinical review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Злокачественные опухоли из оболочек периферических нервов в практике детского онколога: клинический разбор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2003-0982</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dinikina</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диникина</surname><given-names>Юлия Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Chemotherapy for Cancer and Hematologic Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation in children at the V.A. Almazov National Medical Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, заведующая отделением химиотерапии онкогематологических заболеваний и трансплантации костного мозга для детей ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>dinikina_yuv@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-22"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/962">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/962</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive neoplasms that may develop sporadically as a result of prior irradiation or in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 <italic>de novo </italic>or following a malignant transformation of plexiform neurofibroma. MPNSTs are rare in children, and their pathogenesis still remains unclear. However, molecular genetic tests in adult patients demonstrated a clear association between MPNSTs and pathogenic mutations in the <italic>NF1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, PTEN, EED </italic>or <italic>SUZ12 </italic>genes. Due to the rare occurrence of these tumors, their various clinical manifestations depending on the location as well as characteristic rapid growth, they are often definitively diagnosed already at an advanced stage of the disease, which greatly increases the probability of an unfavorable outcome. Total tumor resection remains the mainstay of treatment for MPNSTs but due to the above-mentioned factors tumors are considered unresectable in 17–53% of cases. Both systemic anticancer therapy and local radiotherapy demonstrate low effectiveness, yet the inclusion of anthracyclines and ifosfamide in treatment regimens results in better outcomes. The effectiveness of targeted therapy for MPNSTs is extremely limited. Still, clinical studies on protein kinase (pazopanib), MEK (trametinib, selumetinib) and mTOR (sirolimus) inhibitors as well as on immunotherapy are under way. According to international studies, unfavorable prognostic factors include large tumor size, nonextremity site, neurofibromatosis type 1 and immunohistochemical markers of an aggressive biological behavior of the tumor. Survival rates in children with MPNSTs range from 34.6 to 65%, with an ongoing trend towards better survival since 2005. This article presents up-to-date literature data on MPNSTs in children as well as clinical cases with special attention to patients’ medical history, diagnostic approaches and anticancer therapy options.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Злокачественные опухоли оболочек периферических нервов (ЗООПН) являются высокоагрессивными новообразованиями с вероятностью спорадических случаев развития после предшествующего облучения, а также на фоне нейрофиброматоза 1-го типа <italic>de novo </italic>или в результате малигнизации плексиформной нейрофибромы. Случаи ЗООПН в детском возрасте являются редкими и на сегодняшний день патогенез заболевания до конца не установлен. В то же время проводимые молекулярно-генетические исследования у взрослых продемонстрировали четкую ассоциацию с развитием патогенных мутаций в генах <italic>NF1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, PTEN, EED </italic>или <italic>SUZ12</italic>. В связи с редкостью ЗООПН, разнообразием клинических проявлений в зависимости от локализации, характерным быстрым темпом роста нередко диагноз верифицируется уже на распространенной стадии заболевания, что определяет высокую вероятность неблагоприятного исхода. Ключевым методом лечения остается радикальное удаление опухоли, однако по причине вышеперечисленных факторов нерезектабельными признаются 17–53% случаев. Системная противоопухолевая терапия, как и локальная лучевая терапия, демонстрируют низкую эффективность в отношении ЗООПН, однако включение антрациклинов и ифосфамида в режимы терапии способствует достижению лучших результатов лечения. Возможности таргетной терапии крайне ограниченны, тем не менее продолжаются клинические исследования ингибиторов протеинкиназ (пазопаниб), MEK (траметиниб, селуметиниб), mTOR (сиролимус), а также иммунотерапии. Согласно международным исследованиям, к факторам неблагоприятного прогноза могут быть отнесены большие размеры опухоли, локализация вне конечностей, наличие нейрофиброматоза 1-го типа, а также иммуногистохимических маркеров агрессивного биологического поведения опухоли. Показатели выживаемости детей с ЗООПН варьируют в пределах 34,6–65%, при этом тенденция к увеличению выживаемости отмечена с 2005 г. В данной статье представлены актуальные литературные данные по проблеме ЗООПН у детей и случаи из клинической практики с акцентом на особенности анамнеза заболевания, диагностику и подходы к противоопухолевой терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurofibromatosis type 1</kwd><kwd>plexiform neurofibromas</kwd><kwd>malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors</kwd><kwd>malignant transformation</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейрофиброматоз 1-го типа</kwd><kwd>плексиформные нейрофибромы</kwd><kwd>злокачественные опухоли оболочек периферических нервов</kwd><kwd>малигнизация</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2024- 631</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках реализации научного проекта по соглашению № 075-15-2024-631 от 14.06.2024</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ng V.Y., Scharschmidt T.J., Mayerson J.L., Fisher J.L. Incidence and survival in sarcoma in the United States: a focus on musculoskeletal lesions. Anticancer Res 2013; 33 (6): 2597–604.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Martin E., Coert J.H., Flucke U.E., Coert J.H., van Noesel M.M. Treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in pediatric NF1 disease. Child Nerv Syst 2020; 36: 2453–62. DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04687-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Martin E., Coert J.H., Flucke U.E., Slooff W.B., van de Sande M.A.J., van Noesel M.M. et al. Neurofibromatosis-associated malignant peripheral nerves heath tumors in children have a worse prognosis: A nationwide cohort study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67; e28138. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28138</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Zou C., Smith K.D., Liu J., Lahat G., Myers S., Wang W.-L. et al. Clinical, pathological, and molecular variables predictive ofmalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor outcome. Ann Surg 2009; 249 (6): 1014–22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Evans D.G., Baser M.E., McGaughran J., Sharif S., Howard E., Moran A. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis 1. J Med Genet 2002; 39 (5): 311–4. DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.5.311</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Carton C., Evans D.G., Blanco I., Friedrich R.E., Ferner R.E., Farschtschi S. et al.; ERN GENTURIS NF1 Tumour Management Guideline Group. ERN GENTURIS tumour surveillance guidelines for individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 56: 101818. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101818</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Somaiah N., Paudyal B., Winkler R.E., van Tine B.A., Hirbe A.C. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, a heterogeneous, aggressive cancer with diverse biomarkers and no targeted standard of care: review of the literature and ongoing investigational agents. Target Oncol 2024; 19 (5): 665–78. DOI: 10.1007/s11523-024-01078-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Xu Y., Xu G., Liu Z., Duan J., Lin Y., Zhu J., et al. Incidence and prognosis of distant metastasis in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163 (2): 521–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04647-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Van Noesel M.M., Orbach D., Brennan B., Kelsey A., Zanetti I., de Salvo G.L. et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in pediatric malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: An analysis of the European Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Group (EpSSG) NRSTS-2005 prospective study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66 (10): e27833. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27833</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Kolberg M., Høland M., Agesen T.H., Brekke H.R., Liestøl K., Hall K.S. et al. Survival meta-analyses for &gt;1800 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor patients with and without neurofibromatosis type 1. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15 (2): 135–47. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos287</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Martin E., Coert J.H., Flucke U.E., Slooff W.M., Ho V.K.Y., van der Graaf W.T. et al. A nationwide cohort study on treatment and survival in patients with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Eur J Cancer 2020; 124: 77–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.10.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Landry J.P., Schertz K.L., Chiang Y.J., Bhalla A.D., Yi M., Keung E.Z. et al. Comparison of cancer prevalence in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 at an Academic Cancer Center vs in the general population from 1985 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (3): e210945. DOI: 10.1001/jamanet-workopen.2021.0945</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Akshintala S., Baldwin A., Liewehr D.J., Goodwin A., Blakeley J.O., Gross A.M. et al. Longitudinal evaluation of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1: growth analysis of plexiform neurofibromas and distinct nodular lesions. Neuro Oncol 2020; 22 (9): 1368–78. DOI: 10.1093/neu-onc/noaa053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Wasa J., Nishida Y., Tsukushi S., Shido Y., Sugiura H., Nakashima H., Ishiguro N. MRI features in the differentiation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and neurofibromas. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 1568–74. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.09.2724</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ahlawat S., Blakeley J.O., Rodriguez F.J., Fayad L.M. Imaging biomarkers for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurology 2019; 93: e1076–84. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008092</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Well L., Salamon J., Kaul M.G., Farschtschi S., Herrmann J., Geier K.I. et al. Differentiation of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Neuro Oncol 2019; 21: 508–16. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy199</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Fisher M.J., Blakeley J.O., Weiss B.D., Dombi E., Ahlawat S., Akshintala S. et al. Management of neurofibromatosis type 1-associated plexiform neurofibromas. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24 (11): 1827–44. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac146</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Combemale P., ValeyrieAllanore L., Giammarile F., Pinson S., Guillot B., Goulart D.M. et al. Utility of 18F-FDG PET with a semi-quantitative index in the detection of sarcomatous transformation in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. PLoS One 2014; 9: e85954. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085954</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Tovmassian D., Abdul Razak M., London K. The Role of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in predicting malignant transformation of plexiform neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis-1. Int J Surg Oncol 2016; 2016: 6162182. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6162182</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Hummel T.R., Jessen W.J., Miller S.J., Kluwe L., Mautner V.F., Wallace M.R. et al. Gene expression analysis identifies potential biomarkers of neurofibromatosis type 1 including adrenomedullin. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 5048–57. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0613</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Park S.-J., Sawitzki B., Kluwe L., Mautner V.F., Holtkamp N., Kurtz A. Serum biomarkers for neurofibromatosis type 1 and early detection of malignant peripheral nerve-sheath tumors. BMC Med 2013; 11: 109. DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Watson K.L., Al Sannaa G.A., Kivlin C.M., Ingram D.R., Landers S.M., Roland C.L. et al. Patterns of recurrence and survival in sporadic, neurofibromatosis type 1-associated, and radiation-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. J Neurosurg 2017; 126: 319–29. DOI: 10.3171/2015.12.JNS152443</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Le Guellec S., Decouvelaere A.-V., Filleron T. Valo I., Charon-Barra C., Robin Y.-M. et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is a challenging diagnosis: a systematic pathology review, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis in 160 patients from the French Sarcoma Group database. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40: 896–908. DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000655</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Röhrich M., Koelsche C., Schrimpf D., Capper D., Sahm F., Kratz A. et al. Methylation-based classification of benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131: 877–87. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1540-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Doğrul A., Hamaloğlu E., Çil B., Canyiğit M., Özdemir A., Özenç A. Preoperative embolization of a retroperitoneal malignant nervous sheath tumor. Eur J Radiol Extra 2006; 60 (3): 117–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrex.2006.09.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Valentin T., Le Cesne A., Ray-Coquard I., Italiano A., Decanter G., Bompas E. et al. Management and prognosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: the experience of the French Sarcoma Group (GSFGETO). Eur J Cancer 2016; 56: 77–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.12.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Clarkson P.W., Griffin A.M., Catton C.N., O'Sullivan B., Ferguson P.C., Wunder J.S., Bell R.S. Epineural dissection is a safe technique that facilitates limb salvage surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005; 438: 92–6. DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000180057.22712.53</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Dunn G.P., Spiliopoulos K., Plotkin S.R., Hornicek F.J., Harmon D.C., Delaney T.F., Williams Z. Role of resection of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis Type 1: clinical article. J Neurosurg 2013; 118: 142–8. DOI: 10.3171/2012.9.JNS101610</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Kahn J., Gillespie A., Tsokos M., Ondos J., Dombi E., Camphausen K. et al. Radiation therapy in management of sporadic and neurofibromatosis type 1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Front Oncol 2014; 4: 324. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00324</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kaushal A., Citrin D. The role of radiation therapy in the management of sarcomas. Surg Clin North Am 2008; 88: 629–46, viii. DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2008.03.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Spunt S.L., Hill D.A., Motosue A.M., Billups C.A., Cain A.M., Rao B.N. et al. Clinical features and outcome of initially unresected nonmetastatic pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2020; 20 (15): 3225–35. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2002.06.066</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Von Mehren M., Randall R.L., Benjamin R.S., Boles S., Bui M.M., Conrad E.U. 3rd et al. Soft tissue sarcoma, version 2.2016, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2016; 14 (6): 758–86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Spunt S.L., Million L., Chi Y.Y., Anderson J., Tian J., Hibbitts E. et al. A risk-based treatment strategy for non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas in patients younger than 30 years (ARST0332): a Children's Oncology Group prospective study. Lancet Oncol 2020; 2 (1): 145–61. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30672-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Hirbe A.C., Cosper P.F., Dahiya S., van Tine B.A. Neoadjuvant ifosfamide and epirubicin in the treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Sarcoma 2017; 2017: 3761292. DOI: 10.1155/2017/3761292</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang L., Lemberg K.M., Calizo A., Varadhan R., Siegel A.H., Meyer C.F. et al. Analysis of treatment sequence and outcomes in patients with relapsed malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Neurooncol Adv 2003; 5 (1): vdad156. DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad156</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>González-Muñoz T., Kim A., Ratner N., Peinado H. The need for new treatments targeting MPNST: the potential of strategies combining mek inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28 (15): 3185–95. DOI: 10.1158/10780432.CCR-21-3760</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Weiss A.R., Chen Y.L., Scharschmidt T.J., Chi Y.Y., Tian J., Black J.O. et al. Pathological response in children and adults with large unresected intermediate-grade or high-grade soft tissue sarcoma receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy with or without pazopanib (ARST1321): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21 (8): 1110–22. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30325-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Larson K., Russ A., Arif-Tiwari H., Mahadevan D., Elliott A., Bhattacharyya A., Babiker H. Pembrolizumab achieves a complete response in an NF-1 mutated, PD-L1 positive malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: a case report and review of the benchmarks. J Immunother 2022; 45 (4): 222–6. DOI: 10.1097/CJI.0000000000000410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Martin E., Coert J.H., Flucke U.E., Slooff W.B.M., de Sande M.A.J., Noesel M.M. et al. Neurofibromatosis-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in children have a worse prognosis: a nationwide cohort study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 67: e28138. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28138</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Pacot L., Vidaud D., Sabbagh A., Laurendeau I., Briand-Suleau A., Coustier A. et al. Severe phenotype in patients with large deletions of NF1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13 (12): 2963. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122963</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Cnossen M.H., Smit F.J., de GoedeBolder A., Frets P.G., Duivenvoorden H.J., Niermeijer M.F. Diagnostic delay in neurofibromatosis type 1. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156 (6): 482–7. DOI: 10.1007/s004310050644</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Yao C., Zhou H., Dong Y., Alhaskawi A., Hasan Abdullah Ezzi S., Wang Z. et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: latest concepts in disease pathogenesis and clinical management. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15 (4): 1077. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041077</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Miettinen M.M., Antonescu C.R., Fletcher C.D.M., Kim A., Lazar A.J., Quezado M.M. et al. Histopathologic evaluation of atypical neurofibromatous tumors and their transformation into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in patients with neurofibromatosis 1 – a consensus overview. Hum Pathol 2017; 67: 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.05.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Федеральный закон от 21.11.2011 №323-ФЗ (ред. от 28.12.2024) «Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации», статья 48. Врачебная комиссия и консилиум врачей. [Federal Law No. 323-ФЗ "On the Fundamentals of Healthcare of Citizens in the Russian Federation" of November 21, 2011 (as amended on December 28, 2024), Article 48. A medical committee and a medical board. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Ferrari A., Miceli R., Rey A., Oberlin O., Orbach D., Brennan B. et al. Non-metastatic unresected paediatric non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas: results of a pooled analysis from United States and European groups. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 724–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.11.013</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
