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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-1708</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9314</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Fund Doctors, Innovations, Science for Children</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">963</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24287/1726-1708-2025-24-2-86-94</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LZDMEC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of two red-cell transfusion strategies on outcomes and incidence of anemia after discharge in premature infants with extremely low birth weight</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние двух стратегий трансфузии эритроцитсодержащих компонентов крови на исходы и частоту анемии после выписки у недоношенных детей с экстремально низкой массой тела при рождении</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9626-5481</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharafutdinova</surname><given-names>Diiana R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарафутдинова</surname><given-names>Дияна Рашидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dikarush@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-0770</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balashova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балашова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>katbal99@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-247X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Puchkova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пучкова</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>annapuchkova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-751X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Degtyareva</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дегтярева</surname><given-names>Анна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>a_degtyareva@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-8157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirtbaya</surname><given-names>Anna R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киртбая</surname><given-names>Анна Ревазиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>a_kirtbaya@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7186-1182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lutfullina</surname><given-names>Rufina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лутфуллина</surname><given-names>Руфина Анваровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rufinalutfullina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-3540</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsechoeva</surname><given-names>Tamara K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цечоева</surname><given-names>Тамара Курейшевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kim_ka_ts@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2541-3667</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlovskaya</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козловская</surname><given-names>Анна Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noreply@eco-vector.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-133X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ionov</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ионов</surname><given-names>Олег Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>o_ionov@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-27"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-22"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, «D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">«D. Rogachev NMRCPHOI»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/963">https://hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/963</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Premature newborns with extremely low birth weight are the main category of infants having to undergo one or more red-cell transfusions during the neonatal period in order to treat anemia. Presently, there are two major transfusion strategies: the liberal strategy aimed at maintaining higher hemoglobin levels, and the restrictive one when blood is transfused at lower hemoglobin levels. In our study, we aimed to compare outcomes and the incidence of anemia after discharge during the first 24 months of corrected age in infants with extremely low birth weight who had received red-cell transfusions according to the restrictive or liberal strategy. The study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (minutes No.12 of 17 November 2016) and the Scientific Council (minutes No.19 of 29 November 2016) of the V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. This was a single-center retrospective cohort study carried out at clinical departments of the Institute of Neonatology and Pediatrics of the V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. The included infants were divided into 2 groups: group 1 – infants who had received RBC transfusions following the liberal strategy; group 2 – infants in whom the restrictive transfusion strategy had been used. We looked at the incidence of such outcomes as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) ≥ stage III, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) ≥ stage II, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) ≥ grade II, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), anemia after discharge at a corrected age (CA) of 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The gestational age of the newborns ranged from 24 to 28 weeks. The frequency of red-cell transfusions was 136/164 (82.9%) in group 1 versus 149/216 (68.9%) in group 2, with the median volume of transfusions of 29.3 mL/kg (IQR 17.5–51.8 mL/kg) in group 1 and 19.5 mL/kg (IQR 15.0–29.5 mL/kg) in group 2, p &lt; 0.05. There were no significant differences in the incidence of BPD, IVH ≥ grade II, PVL, ROP ≥ stage III between the study groups. The incidence of NEC ≥ stage II was 1.6 times higher in group 2 than in group 1. The incidence of anemia after discharge was lower in group 1 compared to group 2 at a CA of 1 and 3 months (32/72 (44.4%) vs. 106/166 (63.8%), p = 0.026 at 1 month, 28/72 (38.9%) vs. 90/166 (54.2%), p = 0.042 at 3 months). There were no reports of severe anemia after discharge in either of the groups. After 6 months CA there was no difference in the incidence of anemia between the groups. The use of the restrictive red-cell transfusion strategy did not lead to a clinically significant increase in the incidence of ROP ≥ stage III, BPD, PVL, IVH ≥ grade II or anemia after 6 months of CA. However, the risk of NEC ≥ stage II in the restrictive strategy group was 1.6 times higher than in the liberal one, which requires further analysis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Недоношенные новорожденные с экстремально низкой массой тела при рождении являются основной категорией детей, получающих одну трансфузию донорских эритроцитсодержащих компонентов (ЭСК) крови и более в течение неонатального периода для коррекции анемии. Существующие стратегии переливания подразделяются на либеральную, направленную на поддержание более высокого уровня гемоглобина, и рестриктивную, при которой трансфузия назначается на более низких уровнях гемоглобина. Цель: сравнить неонатальные исходы и частоту развития анемии после выписки в течение 24 месяцев жизни у детей с экстремально низкой массой тела при рождении, получавших трансфузии донорских ЭСК крови по либеральной и рестриктивной стратегиям. Исследование одобрено комиссией по этике биомедицинских исследований (протокол №12 от 17 ноября 2016 г.) и утверждено решением ученого совета (протокол №19 от 29 ноября 2016 г.) ФГБУ «НМИЦ АГП им. акад. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России. На базе клинических отделений Института неонатологии и педиатрии ФГБУ «НМИЦ АГП им. акад. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России проведено одноцентровое ретроспективное когортное исследование. Пациенты были разделены на 2 группы: дети, которым проводились трансфузии донорских ЭСК крови по либеральной (1-я группа) и рестриктивной (2-я группа) стратегиям. Определяли частоту таких исходов, как ретинопатия недоношенных (РН) ≥ III степени, некротизирующий энтероколит (НЭК) ≥ II степени, бронхолегочная дисплазия (БЛД), внутрижелудочковые кровоизлияния (ВЖК) ≥ II степени, перивентрикулярная лейкомаляция (ПВЛ); анемия после выписки в скорректированных возрастах (СВ) 1, 3, 6, 12 18 и 24 месяца жизни. Гестационный возраст новорожденных составил от 24 до 28 недель. В 1-й и 2-й группах частота переливания ЭСК крови составила 136/164 (82,9%) против 149/216 (68,9%), медиана объема переливания – 29,3 мл/кг (IQR 17,5–51,8 мл/кг) против 19,5 мл/кг (IQR 15,0–29,5 мл/кг), р &lt; 0,05. Статистически значимых отличий в частоте БЛД, ВЖК ≥ II степени, ПВЛ, РН ≥ III степени в исследуемых группах не выявлено. Частота НЭК ≥ II степени во 2-й группе была выше в 1,6 раза, чем в 1-й группе. Частота анемии после выписки была ниже в 1-й группе по сравнению со 2-й группой в СВ 1 и 3 месяца (в возрасте 1 месяца – 32/72 (44,4%) против 106/166 (63,8%), р = 0,026, в возрасте 3 месяцев – 28/72 (38,9%) против 90/166 (54,2%), р = 0,042). Тяжелая анемия после выписки не регистрировалась ни в одной группе. После СВ 6 месяцев жизни разницы в частоте анемии между группами не наблюдалось. Применение рестриктивной стратегии гемотрансфузии не приводит к клинически значимому увеличению частоты РН ≥ III степени, БЛД, ПВЛ, ВЖК ≥ II степени, а также анемии после 6 месяцев жизни. Однако шансы развития НЭК ≥ II степени в группе рестриктивной стратегии были выше в 1,6 раза, чем в либеральной, что требует дополнительного анализа.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>restrictive blood transfusion strategy</kwd><kwd>liberal blood transfusion strategy</kwd><kwd>premature newborns</kwd><kwd>anemia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рестриктивная стратегия переливания крови</kwd><kwd>либеральная стратегия переливания крови</kwd><kwd>недоношенные новорожденные</kwd><kwd>анемия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">нет</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Franz A.R., Engel C., Bassler D., Rüdiger M., Thome U.H., Maier R.F., et al. ETTNO Investigators. Effects of liberal vs restrictive transfusion thresholds on survival and neurocognitive outcomes in extremely low-birth-weight infants: the ETTNO randomized clinical trial. 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